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Yıl:2005; Cilt: 1; Sayı: 12>> Özet
Türkiye Klinikleri Dahili Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi Psikiyatri; 2005;1(12):6-14
Şizofreni Etiyolojisi
A Ertuğrul
Psikiyatri AD, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, ANKARA
Şizofreni psikotik belirtiler ve psikososyal işlevsellikte bozulma ile kendini gösteren kronik bir hastalıktır. Genetik etkenler hastalığın etiyolojisinde en önemli role sahip olmakla birlikte, çevresel etkenler belirtilerin ortaya çıkışını etkilemektedir. Yapısal beyin görüntüleme, işlevsel görüntüleme ve histopatolojik çalışma bulguları beyinde en çok etkilenen bölgelerin frontal ve temporal loblar olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Patofizyolojisinde dopamin sistemi ve glutamat, serotonin, GABA gibi diğer nörotransmiter sistemler rol almaktadır. Dopamin hipotezine göre dopaminin regülasyonunda bozukluk mevcuttur: Prefrontal kortekste dopamin seviyesinde azalma, subkortikal ve limbik bölgelerde ise artma olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Kortikal dopamindeki azalmanın hipofrontalite, bilişsel işlevlerde bozulma ve negatif belirtilere ilişkili olduğu, artmış subkortikal ve limbik dopaminin ise pozitif belirtilerden sorumlu olduğu düşünülmektedir. Şizofreni etiyolojisine yönelik araştırmalarda önemli bir kavramsal tartışma şizofreninin nörogelişimsel mi yoksa nörodejeneratif bir hastalık mı olduğudur. Çalışmaların büyük bir kısmı hastalığın patofizyolojisini nörodejeneneratif süreçten çok nörogelişimsel bir süreçle açıklayan bulgular içermektedir. Nörogelişimsel bozukluk, gelişimin erken döneminde genetik etkenlerin ve/veya obstetrik kompikasyonlar gibi çevresel stresörlerin beyinde meydana getirdiği değişikliklerden kaynaklanıyor olabilir. Gelişimin sonraki aşamalarında ortaya çıkan çevresel faktörler ise genetik ve nörogelişimsel bozuklukların etkisini belirginleştirebilir veya azaltabilir. Şizofreninin etiyolojisi henüz tam olarak anlaşılamamış olmakla birlikte, gelecekte yeni moleküler genetik, yapısal ve işlevsel beyin görüntüleme yöntemleri ile yapılacak çalışmaların hastalığın patogenezini aydınlatacağı umulmaktadır
Etiology of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a chronic illness characterized by psychotic symptoms and psychosocial impairment. Genetic factors are the most important in the etiology of the disease, with environmental factors affecting the expression of symptoms. Structural brain studies, histopathological and functional neuroimaging findings are in agreement that the temporal and frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex are the most affected. The dopamine system and other neurotransmitter systems such as glutamate, serotonin and GABA are involved in pathophysiology. According to dopamin hypothesis, dopamine is dysregulated: levels may be reduced in the prefrontal cortex and increased in subcortical and limbic regions. Reduced cortical dopamine is thought to be related with hypofrontality, impaired cognition and negative symptoms. Increased subcortical and limbic dopamine, on the other hand, is thought to be responsible from positive symptoms. A central conceptual issue in the investigation of etiology of schizophrenia is whether schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorder. The results of the most of the studies support a neurodevelopmental rather than a degenerative process as a general explanation of the pathophysiology. Neurodevelopmental disruption may be the result of genetic factors and/or environmental stressors early in development, leading to alterations in the brain. Environmental factors later in development can either exacerbate or ameliorate expression of genetic or neurodevelopmental defects. Although the etiology of schizophrenia is not fully understood yet, the future studies with new molecular genetic, structural and functional neuroimaging techniques will hopefully increase our understanding of its pathogenesis.

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