Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2005; Cilt: 6; Sayı: 3>> Özet
TAM METİN
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2005;6(3):197-205
Panik bozukluğu provokasyon çalışmaları ve provokasyon ajanlarının farklılıkları
V Topçuoğlu, A Karabekiroğlu, Ç Yazgan
Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri ABD, İSTANBUL
Amaç: Bu derlemede, panik bozukluğun patofizyolojisi hakkında provokasyon çalışmalarından elde edilen bilgiler
bir araya getirilmiş ve provokasyon ajanları arasındaki farklılıklar ele alınmıştır. Yöntem: Derleme, Medline
taraması yapılarak konu ile ilgili makalelere ulaşılması yolu ile yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, bazı kitap bölümleri ve Türkçe
yayınlanmış makalelerden de yararlanılmıştır. Bulgular: Provokasyon ajanları, hipotalamus-hipofiz-adrenal (HPA)
eksenine etkili olanlar ve solunum sistemine etkili olanlar olarak iki grupta incelenebilir. Solunum sistemine etkili
olan sodyum (D,L) laktat, sodyum D-laktat, sodyum bikarbonat ve karbon dioksitin dispne ve hiperventilasyona yol
açtıkları ancak HPA ekseninde etkinlik artışına neden olmadıkları belirlenmiştir. Bu ajanlar, panik bozukluk
hastalarında aşırı duyarlı boğulma alarmı sistemini harekete geçirirler. HPA ekseninin etkinliğinde artışa neden
olan yohimbin, m-klorofenilpiperazin ve fenfluramin ise solunum belirtilerine neden olmazlar. Provokasyon
çalışmaları panik bozukluğun patofizyolojisinde lokus seruleusun yanında amigdala ve periakuaduktal gri bölgenin
önemli beyin bölgeleri olduğunun anlaşılmasına yardımcı olmuştur. Sonuç: Provokasyon ajanları ile yapılan
çalışmalar panik bozukluğun nöroanatomisi ve nörobiyolojisi hakkındaki bilgilerimizi arttırmıştır. Solunumsal
provokasyon ajanlarının spontan panik ataklarını, HPA eksenine etki eden ajanların ise beklenti anksiyetesi veya
duruma bağlı panik ataklarını incelemek için daha uygun modeller oldukları düşünülmektedir.
Provocation studies in panic disorder and the differences between provocation agents
Objective: Information obtained from the provocation studies on the pathophysiology of panic disorder are
reviewed in this paper. Variations between the provocation agents are also discussed. Methods: A Medline
search was performed to examine the literature on panic provocation studies. Some book chapters and articles
written in Turkish were also studied. Results: Provocation agents could be investigated in two groups, as those
effective on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and those effective on the respiratory system. It has
been determined that sodium (D,L) lactate, sodium D-lactate, sodium bicarbonate and carbon dioxide are
effective on the respiratory system causing dyspnea and hyperventilation, however they do not increase the
activity of the HPA axis. These respiratory panicogens activate the suffocation alarm system in patients with panic
disorder. Yohimbine, m-chlorophenylpiperazine and fenfluramine that cause an increase in the activity of the HPA
axis, do not provoke respiratory symptoms. Provocation studies have also identified that in pathophysiology of panic disorder, amigdala and periaquaductal grey region are also involved besides locus coeruleus. Conclusion:
Studies using provocation agents have been usefull to understand the neuroanatomy and neurobiology of the
panic disorder. It is assumed that respiratory panicogens are more suitable to investigate spontaneous panic
attacks, and that the agents effective on HPA axis are more suitable to research anticipatory anxiety or situational
panic attacks.

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