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Yıl:2001; Cilt: 11; Sayı: 1>> Özet
TAM METİN
Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni; 2001;11(1):53-59
Hemisferik özelleşme ve psikopatoloji
TH Yöney
Marmara Üniversitesi T?p Fakültesi , Psikiyatri AD - ?stanbul
Sağ ve sol serebral hemisferlerin anatomi ve işlevlerinde farklılıklar vardır. Bir fonksiyon açısından beynin bir tarafının diğerine göre daha avantajlı olması lateralizasyon olarak tanımlanabilir. Genel olarak sol hemisferin analitik, sağın holistik, solun sözel, sağın ise algısal olduğu düşünülür. Gramer gibi dil ile ilgili yetiler sol hemisferde yoğunlaşmakla beraber sağ hemisferin de bu fonksiyonda rolü vardır ve zamanlama ve vurgulama açısından önemlidir. Sağ hemisfer duygusal yüz ifadelerinin algılanıp anlaşılması ve duyguların ifadesi açılarından sola göre daha önemlidir. Davranışın hemisferik özelliklerini araştıran çalışmalar çeşitli yöntemler kullanırlar, bunların arasında ayrılmış-beyin cerrahisi dahil çeşitli lokalize beyin hasarı olan hastalar üzerinde davranış değerlendirmeleri yapmak, elektrofizyolojik araştırmalar (EEG, ERPs), beyin görüntüleme çalışmaları (PET, fMRI) ve bölünmüş görme alanı ve dikotik dinleme deneyleri sayılabilir. Ruhsal hastalıkların nöral mekanizmalarını anlamak için hemisferik özelleşme ile psikopatolojik durumların ilişkisini araştıran pekçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalara göre şizofrenideki esas anatomik değişiklik serebral asimetrinin kaybı hatta ters çevrilmesidir. Normal serebral asimetri geliştirme eksikliğinin, bazı şizofreni tiplerinde altta yatan patolojinin önemli bir bölümünü oluşturduğu öne sürülmektedir. Diğer psikopatolojik durumlar ise değişen derecelerde lateralizasyon göstermektedirler. Transkranial manyetik stimulasyon gibi beynin bir tarafını etkileyebilen yeni teknolojik olanakların ortaya çıkması, psikopatolojide lateralizasyonun rolü üzerinde daha ileri çalışmaları gerekli kılmaktadır.
Hemispheric specialization and psychopathology
There are differences in the anatomy and functions of right and left cerebral hemispheres. The localization of a function on one side of the brain in preference to the other side is defined as lateralization. In general, it is suggested that the left hemisphere is analytic, the right is holistic, the left is verbal, and the right is perceptual. Linguistic abilities like grammar etc. are concentrated in the left hemisphere, but the right hemisphere also has a role in [language] and is important for timing and intonation. Right hemisphere is important in processing facial emotional input and it is more important than left in the expression of emotions. Studies on hemispheric determinants of behavior use various methods, among them are behavioral assessments on subjects with various localized brain damage including split-brain surgery, electrophysiological investigations as electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs), brain imaging studies as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and divided visual field and dichotic listening experiments. Various studies on the relation of hemispheric specialization and psychopathology have been conducted to understand the neural mechanisms of mental disorders. In general, researches suggest that the key anatomical change in schizophrenia is a loss or even a reversal of cerebral asymmetry. The failure to develop normal cerebral asymmetry is suggested to be an important component of the underlying pathology in some forms of schizophrenia. Most of the other psychopathological conditions show varying degrees of lateralization. Emergence of new technological opportunities like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to effect one side of the brain encourages further studies on the role of lateralization in psychopathology.

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