Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2002; Cilt: 3; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2002;3(2):97-103
Zorunlu iç göç: Ruhsal ve toplumsal sonuçları
T Aker, B Ayata, M Özeren, B Buran, A Bay
Bakırköy Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İSTANBUL
Amaç: İnsanın fiziksel çevresinde yaptığı bir değişim olan göç, çok çeşitli ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel, siyasal ve psikolojik
sonuçları da beraberinde getirir. Zorunlu olarak yapılan iç göçlerde ise, bu sorunlara farklı boyutlar eklenmekte, çeşitli düzeylerde
bu göçün tanımı bile yapılamamaktadır. Günümüzde ise iç göçler de mültecilik sorunu kadar önemli bir konuma sahiptir.
Türkiye yüzyıllardır göç hareketleri yaşayan bir ülke olmuştur. Son yıllarda ise bu göçlere, farklı bir niteliği olan zorunlu iç göçler
de eklenmiştir. Bu süreçte çok çeşitli travmatik olaylarla karşılaşan göçmenlerin önemli ruhsal ve sosyal sorunlarının olabileceği
açıktır. Bu çalışma önemli oranda iç göç alan bir metropol olan İstanbul’da zorunlu olarak göç eden kişilerin sosyal ve ruhsal
sorunlarının saptanması, zorunlu göçün ruhsal sonuçların ağır bir travmatik yaşantı olan işkenceyle karşılaştırılması ve olası
çözüm önerilerinin ortaya konulabilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışma multidisipliner bir çerçevede şekillendirilmiştir.
Sosyolojik ağırlıklı olan hane görüşmelerinde 60 kişiye kartopu örneklem yöntemi ile ulaşılmış, klinik psikiyatrik görüşmelerde ise,
bu hanelerden veya dışından katılan 160 kişi 4 gruba ayrılarak tanısal amaçlı görüşmeye alınmışlardır. Zorunlu iç göç yaşantısının
ruhsal travmatik atkilerini değerlendirebilmeyi amaçlayan bu görüşmede gruplar; sadece i. işkence, ii. işkence ve zorunlu iç göç,
iii. zorunlu iç göç, iv. bu olaylardan hiçbirini yaşamamış olan kişilerden oluşmuştur. Görüşmeler hane ve klinik görüşmeler ile
desteklenmiş ve veriler kalitatif olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak zorunlu göç yaşayan erkek, kadın ve çocukların
önemli ekonomik, toplumsal ve politik sorunları olmakla birlikte aile yapısı da değişmekte, uyum güçlükleri ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Psikiyatrik açıdan ise, göç sonucu sadece travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB) değil, aynı zamanda depresyon ve diğer
anksiyete ve somatoform bozuklukları ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Tartışma: Zorunlu göç de işkence kadar insan psikolojisine
olumsuz etkide bulunan deneyimlerdir. Bu deneyimleri bir arada yaşamak sorun ve bozuklukların artmasına yol açmaktadır.
Çözümün ise yine çok boyutlu olması gerekmekte, siyasal, hukuksal ve ekonomik önlemlerin yanısıra mutlaka sağlığa özellikle de
ruh sağlığına önem verilmelidir. Yaklaşımlarda ise toplum temelli bir yönelim daha yararlı olacaktır.
Forced internally displacement: psychosocial consequences
Objective: Being a change in one’s physical environment, migration has many economic, social, political and psychological
consequences on an individual’s life. Forced internal displacement which is a phenomenon that lacks the attention other forms
of migration have received, adds even more dimensions to this picture. Today, internal displacement is as important as the
refugee problem. For centuries, Turkey has had many migration movements. In recent [year]s, an other issue of a different
quality has added to the problem: forced internal displacement (FID). It is obvious that internally displaced people have faced
many traumatic experiences during this process, and that they are confronted with many social and psychological problems.
This research was conducted in Istanbul where many IDPs (internally displaced people) live. The aims of the study were to
investigate IDPs’ social and psychological problems, to compare the consequences of FID with the consequences of
experiencing torture, and to develop suggestions and models for the solution of this problem. Method: The study was designed
in a multidisciplinary perspective. For the sociological household interviews, 60 people were reached by using the snowball
method. For the diagnostic interviews which were held in four different groups, 160 people were invited both through the
interviewed households and through other sources. These interviews were conducted in order to evaluate the psychological and
traumatic effects of FID. Each person was grouped according his/her traumatic experience: i. torture, ii. torture and FID, iii. FID
and iv. none. The interviews were held in on both household and clinical basis and the data was evaluated qualitatively. Results: The results showed that internally displaced men, women and children have important economic, social and political
problems. Moreover, as a result of FID, the family structure of IDPs changes and many adjustment problems occur. From a
psychiatric view, the picture includes not only post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but also depression and other anxiety and
somatoform disorders. Discussion: FID has as negative effects on the individual’s psychological situation as has torture.
Having experienced these two events together results in an increase of the psychological problems and disorders. The solutions
to this problem should also be considered in a multidimensional perspective. In addition to political, legal and economical
assistance and relief programs which are urgently needed, health, especially psychological health programs should be included.
In this respect, community-based approaches will be more effective.

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