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Yıl:2002; Cilt: 3; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2002;3(1):45-51
Anksiyete bozukluklarının psikoendokrinolojisi
İ Balcıoğlu
İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, İSTANBUL
İnsan yapısı zorluklarla, çeşitli streslerle baş edebilecek şekilde yaratılmıştır. İnsan organizması biyokimyasal ve davranışa uyum
gösterir. Anksiyete insanoğlu için patolojik veya patolojik olmayan bütün şartlarda yaşanabilen evrensel bir deneyimdir. Tehdit
eden, ödüllendiren veya geliştiren anksiyete, organizmanın çevresel veya fiziksel bir değişikliğe verdiği cevap olarak ele alınır.
Patolojik anksiyete, organizmanın yetersiz, orantısız, diğer bir deyişle uygun olmayan cevabı sonucu yaşanan, bireyin gelişimini
inhibe eden, ikili ilişkilere zarar veren, vejetatif vücut fonksiyonlarını bozan, hoş olmayan bir duygulanım olarak tanımlanabilir.
Anksiyete yüksek memelilerde meydana gelen koruyucu bir “kaç veya savaş” cevabıdır. Anksiyete veya stres durumu uzun
sürerse veya sıklaşırsa, davranışa ait biyokimyasal ve kardiyovasküler etkiler ortaya çıkar. Bunlar da hiperkolesterolemi, hipertansiyon,
takikardi gibi olaylardır. Anksiyete bozuklukları ile depresyonun aynı spektrumun parçaları olduğu öne sürülmektedir.
Kortikotropin salgılatıcı faktörün (CRF) anksiyetenin patogenezinde rolü vardır, adrenokortikotropik hormonu (ACTH) salgılatır.
Asetilkolin, serotonin, norepinefrin CRF salgısında etkilidir. Stresin oluşmasından sonra CRF, hipotalamus-hipofizer sisteme
alınır, sonra ACTH salgısı gerçekleşir. Stres ve CRF infüzyonu adrenalin ve noradrenalin salgısını, kalp hızını, kan basıncını,
plazma glukogonunu, glukoz yoğunluğunu yükseltmekte; mide asidi salgısını düşürmektedir. Laboratuar sıçanlarına merkezi
CRF uygulaması, klasik anksiyojenik cevapta artışla sonuçlanmaktadır. CRF’nin anksiyojenik etkileri benzodiyazepin gibi anksiyolitiklerle
antagonize edilmektedir. Major depresyonda beyin-omurilik sıvısında (BOS) CRF yoğunlukları artar, intihar edenlerde
CRF reseptör sayısı azalmıştır, Alzheimer hastalığında kortikal CRF yoğunlukları azalır ve kortikal reseptör sayısı artar. Anksiyete
bozukluğundaki nöroendokrin değişiklikler, major depresyondaki kadar çarpıcı değildir. Anksiyete bozukluklarında bazal ACTH
ve kortizol düzeyinde yükselme, tirotropin salgılatıcı hormon uygulamasına tiroid stimule edici hormon (TSH) ve prolaktin
cevaplarında küntleşme, CRF’ye ACTH cevabında küntleşme, ancak kortizol cevabında normalleşme görülür. Stresörle karşılaşan
anksiyöz kişilerde noradrenalinin (NA) son ürünü olan 3-metoksi,4-hidroksi feniletilen glikol (MHPG) düzeyleri aniden bazal
değerlerin iki katına çıkar. Durumsal anksiyetedeki artış MHPG düzeylerine de yansır, yani artar. Araştırmalara göre, beyin
serotonin düzeyinin düşmesi ile affektif agresyon meydana gelmektedir. Tersine, beyin serotonin düzeyinin artması ile saldırganlık
azalmaktadır. Anksiyetede klonidinle büyüme hormonu (panik bozukluğunda) azalmaktadır.
The psychoendocrinology of anxiety disorders
The structure of the human being has features to copy with stresses. The human organism shows adaptation in biochemical
and behavioral aspects. Anxiety is a universal experience that may be encountered by the human being in pathological as well
as nonpathological conditions. It is considered to be a response by the organism to any environmental or physical change no
matter whether it is threatening awarding or generalizing. Anxiety is defined as a nonpleasent experience that inhibits the
development of an individual, does harm the interpersonel reletionships and impairs the vegatative bodily functions and that
occurs as a result of inadequate, inproper or inproportionate response by the organism. Anxiety is a preventive (protective)
“fight or flight” response shown in the higher animals. If the condition of anxiety or stress is prolonged or occurs frequently,
behavioral, biochemical and cardiovascular effects including hypercholesterolemia, hypertension or tachycardia develop.
Anxiety disorders and depression are party of the same spectrum corticotropin releasing hormone (CRF) has a role in the
pathogenesis of anxiety. The CRF causes the release of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Acetylcholine, serotonin and
norepinephrine have also a role in the secretion of the CRF. Once an individual has been challenged by the stresse, the CRF is
released into the hypothalamic pituitary system, in turn causing the secretion of the ACTH. Stress or CRF infusion induces an
increase in the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, heart rate, blood pressure, plasma glucagone level and glucose
concentration while decreasing the gastric acid secretion. The CRF administration into laboratory rats results in an icrease in
the classical anxiogenic responce. The anxiogenic effects of the CRF are antagonized by anxiolytics such as benzodiazepines.

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