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Yıl:2017; Cilt: 20; Sayı: Özel>> Özet
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Türk Psikoloji Yazıları; 2017;20(Özel):96-112
"Gezi, Bardağı Taşıran Son Damlaydı": Sosyal Psikolojik Bir Perspektifle Gezi Parkı İsyanını Anlamak
MG Yalçın, ÖM Uluğ
Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Bolu
Şehir isyanlarıyla ilgili uluslararası alanyazın Gezi Parkı eylemlerini anlamak için önemli bir çerçeve sunmaktadır (örn., Drury ve Reicher, 2005). Haksızlık algısı, haksızlığın ancak eylem yoluyla ortadan kaldırılacağının düşünülmesi, eylemler sırasında ortak bir kimliğin inşa edilmesi ve kolektifin gücüne güven duymayı içeren isyanın bileşenleri bu çalışmalarda ortaya konulmuştur. Bunun yanında, şehir isyanlarının geçtiği dört aşama (kalabalığın toplanması, dış-grubun müdahalesiyle ortak kimlik altında birleşmesi, dış-grupla gerginliğin tırmanışı ve kalabalığın eylemlerden güçlenerek çıkması) yine bu çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Bu araştırmada, hem kendini aktivist olarak görmeyen kişilerin eylemlere katılma motivasyonunu ve isyanı nasıl anlamlandırdığını betimlemek hedeflenmiş, hem de katılımcıların anlatılarından yola çıkarak uluslararası alanyazınla Gezi Parkı isyanının benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları ortaya konulmak istenmiştir. Bu amaçla isyana katılan 13 kişiyle derinlemesine mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılara protestolara katılma gerekçeleri, eylemler sırasındaki deneyimleri ve eylemlerin sonuçlarını nasıl değerlendirdikleri sorulmuştur. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, bir süredir Türkiye’de gerçekleştirilen uygulamalar, katılımcıları “artık yeter” deme noktasına getirmiştir. Parktaki ağaçların kesilmesi “bardağı taşıran son damla” olarak anlatılmıştır (haksızlık algısı). Bir süredir “sineye çekilenlere” artık dur deme isteği ifade edilmiştir (haksızlığı eylem yoluyla ortadan kaldırma isteği). Parkta bulunmak, isyanın bir parçası olmak, kurulan ortak kimliğin (Gezi direnişçisi) bir üyesi olmak, eylemlere katılmaya devam etmenin nedenleri olarak açıklanmıştır. Katılımcılar gelecekte başka isyanların da olabileceğini düşünmüş ve umutla dolmuştur (kolektife duyulan güven). İsyanın bileşenleriyle ve geçtiği aşamalarla ilgili bulgular, hem alanyazınla benzerlikler ve farklılıklar üzerinden tartışılmış, hem de Gezi isyanının sosyal psikolojik bir yaklaşımla ele alınmasının gerekliliği çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.
“Gezi was the last drop!”: Understanding the Gezi Park Protests From a Social-Psychological Perspective
The literature on crowds and urban riots provides an important framework to understand the Gezi Park protests (e.g., Drury & Reicher, 2005). Research indicate that injustice appraisals, lack of alternatives to confrontation, building ingroup identity (shared identity), and a sense of collective power (group efficacy) are main elements of riots. In addition, four stages of crowd action are described as a) gathering of the crowd; b) building a new social group in time due to the intervention of outgroup; c) increasing the tension between the ingroup and the outgroup, and d) empowerment. In this study, it is aimed to describe the motivations and experiences of those who do not see themselves as activists and to understand how they make sense of the protests. In addition, both the patterns of the protests in terms of its stages and the motivations of participants were compared with the international literature. Thirteen people from Istanbul who were protestors in the Gezi Park uprising participated in our study. The attempts to cut the trees in the Gezi Park and to burn the tents of the environmentalist were mostly expressed by the participants by using the metaphor of “the last drop”. Participants stated that they took to the streets in order to say “Enough is enough!” and “We are here”. Participants believed that oppression by the government and injustice in society could only be diminished through protests. The crowd gathered together under the common identity of “Gezi resistor”. Participants argued that the protests brought both personal and societal benefits. The common discourse about this point was being hopeful about themselves and society as a whole. Our results concur with the literature in terms of describing the motivations behind people’s participation and the stages of urban riots.

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