Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2017; Cilt: 20; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2017;20(2):137-149
Sigara Paketleri Üzerinde Yer Alan Sağlık Uyarılarının Sigara Kullanıcıları Üzerindeki Etkileri Konusunda Bir Derleme
MK Malatyalı, AB Sunal
Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara
Sigara paketleri üzerine uyarı mesajlarının yazılması sigara ile mücadele kapsamında uygulanan politikalardan biridir. Her gün milyonlarca kişi bu uyarı mesajlarına maruz kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle, sigara paketleri üzerinde yer alan uyarı mesajlarının etkinliğinin arttırılması ve bireyler üzerindeki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi önemli hale gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada sigara paketleri üzerindeki sağlık uyarıları ile ilgili yapılmış çalışmaların ele alınması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda ilk olarak sigara paketleri üzerinde yer alan uyarı mesajlarının tasarımına (hem resim hem metin içeren birleşik uyarılar mı yoksa sadece resim ya da metin uyarıları mı kullanılmalı?; düz paket uygulamasına geçilmeli mi? gibi) ilişkin çalışmalar gözden geçirilmiştir. Ardından, sigara uyarılarının tasarımının yanı sıra uyarılarda verilen mesajların içeriği de (örn., mesajların çerçevesi) sigara kullanma davranışı üzerinde etkili olabildiği için bu konuyla ilgili yapılmış çalışmalara yer verilmiştir. Ek olarak, sigara paketleri üzerinde yer alan rahatsız edici uyarı mesajları bazı sigarı kullanıcıları üzerinde savunmacı tepkilere yol açabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda rahatsız edici sigara uyarılarına yönelik savunmacı tepkiler, psikolojik tepkisellik (1), bilişsel çelişki (2), dehşet yönetimi (3) ve benlik-olumlaması kuramları (4) çerçevesinde ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Son olarak, bu savunmacı tepkilerin nasıl azaltılabileceği (düz cümle yerine soru cümlesi yazılması vb.) ilgili alan yazın temelinde değerlendirilmiştir.
A Review on the Effects of Health Warnings Printed on Cigarette Packages on Smokers
Printing warning messages on cigarette packages is one of the policies against smoking. Millions of people are exposed to these warning messages every day. Therefore, it is essential to improve the effectiveness of these messages and evaluate their effects on individuals. This study aims to discuss the studies investigating health warnings on cigarette packages. In this context, studies about the design of warning messages (e.g. Should we use combined warnings which contain pictorials and texts together or should they contain only pictorials or only texts?; Do we need to return to plain packages?) on cigarette packages were reviewed. Then, studies related to the content of the messages were reviewed since the content of the messages (i.e. message framing) could also be effective on smoking just as the package design. Graphic warning labels on cigarette packages may generate defensive reactions. In this regard, these defensive reactions against graphic warning labels were addressed within the frameworks of psychological reactance theory (1), cognitive dissonance theory (2), terror management theory (3) and self-affirmation theory (4). Finally, how these defensive reactions could be reduced (e.g. framing sentences as questions instead of affirmative sentences) was reviewed on the basis of related literature.

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