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Yıl:2016; Cilt: 19; Sayı: Özel>> Özet
TAM METİN
Türk Psikoloji Yazıları; 2016;19(Özel):94-108
Kadın Şiddet Mağdurlarına Yönelik Tutumlarda Mağdurun Trans Kimliğinin Etkisi
BC Ulu, B Türkoğlu, G Sayılan
Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara
Türkiye’de trans bireylere ve özellikle de seks işçilerine yönelik işlenen suçlar gün geçtikçe artmakta ve bu kişilerin maruz kaldıkları şiddet nefret suçu olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Bu tür suçların ardında mağdura yönelik şiddetli bir önyargı bulunduğu ve mağdurun cinsiyet kimliğinin de şiddeti meşrulaştırıcı bir rolü olduğu düşünülerek bu deneysel çalışma tasarlanmıştır. Çalışmada, farazi bir şiddet senaryosunda cinsel birliktelik teklifini reddettiği için silahla vurulan bar şarkıcısı bir kadın konu edilmiş ve bu kadının cinsiyet kimliğinin (trans olan veya olmayan bir kadın), kendisine yönelik tutumlara (mağduru suçlama, cinselleştirme ve önyargı) olan etkisi araştırılmıştır. Aynı zamanda, mağdura yönelik ve daha spesifik olan tutumların, genel anlamdaki ve toplumsal cinsiyetçi-transfobik tutumlarla (transphobia/genderism) ilişkisi de incelenmiştir. Toplumsal cinsiyetçilik / Transfobi düzeyleri eşdeğişken (covariate) olarak analize dahil edilip sabit tutulduğunda, trans kadın koşulunda mağdura yönelik önyargı ve mağduru cinselleştirme düzeyleri cis kadın (“cisgender”, trans olmayan anlamında) koşuluna kıyasla daha yüksek çıkmış; ayrıca kadınlar deneysel koşuldan bağımsız olarak erkeklere kıyasla daha yüksek önyargı puanları göstermiştir. Bir anlamda bu sonuç, şiddet mağduru kadın trans olduğunda, kendisinin cinselleştirilerek, ona yönelik şiddetin daha fazla mazur görüldüğünü ve sosyal mesafe koyma arzusunun arttığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda, tamamen aynı koşullarda olsa bile trans kadın imajı görünür hale geldikten sonra, insanların bu kadına yönelik bireysel düzeydeki olumsuz tutumlarının artmakta olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, kadının toplumsal normlarca onaylanmayan bir kimliğe sahip olmasının kadına yönelik şiddetin kabulü ve haklı görülmesi üzerinde kayda değer bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu etkiyi doğuran kültürel ideolojilerin ve toplumsal normların da incelenmesi bu tarz şiddet olaylarını anlamaya ve önlemeye yönelik çabalara önemli bir katkı sunacaktır.
The Effect of Victim’s Trans Identity on Attitudes towards Female Violence Victims
Hate crimes towards transsexual individuals, especially sex workers, are increasing day by day. This experimental study was designed with the presumption that strong prejudice towards the victim lies behind these types of crimes and that the gender identity of the victim may play a role in legitimizing violence. In this study, a hypothetical violence scenario, in which a bar singer is shot because she rejects a sexual advance is presented. Moreover, the effect of this woman victim’s gender identity (trans versus not) on the respondents’ attitudes towards the victim (blaming the victim, sexualizing the victim, and prejudice) is investigated. In addition, the relationship of these attitudes with the more general attitudes of transphobia and genderism is also examined. When the transphobia/genderism were included in the model as a covariate and held constant across conditions, prejudice and victim sexualization were significantly higher in the trans woman condition compared to the cis woman condition (“cisgender”, meaning “not transgender”); and women scored higher in prejudice compared to men regardless of the experimental conditions. In a way, this finding indicates that when a victim is a trans woman, she tends to be sexualized to a greater extent, expressed prejudice increases, and violence towards her may be viewed as more acceptable (excusable). Overall, the current study critically indicates that having a gender identity perceived as transgressing the existing gender norms in the society becomes the main scapegoat for the justification and legitimization of violence against women regardless of other concerns. As a future suggestion, examining cultural and societal ideologies forming the basis of such kinds of effects may move the debates about violence against women and its prevention strategies forward.

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