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Yıl:2000; Cilt: 11; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2000;11(1):64-73
Şizofreni ve kültür
K Sayar
Şizofreninin evrensel bir hastalık olup olmadığı bir yüzyıl öncesinden başlayarak tartışılmıştır. Şizofreninin bir uygarlık hastalığı olduğu ve ilkel toplumlarda görülmeyeceği iddiasıyla yola çıkan ilk antropolojik çalışmalar bugün eleştirilmektedir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün yürüttüğü uluslararası şizofreni çalışması, hastalığın birbirinden çok farklı kültürel ortamlarda benzeri çekirdek belirtiler gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca gelişmekte olan ülkelerde şizofreninin, gelişmiş ülkelere göre daha iyi bir gidiş gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma metodolojik açıdan eleştirilse de üçüncü dünyada şizofreni gidişinin daha iyi bulunması, sosyal ve kültürel etkenlerin hastalığın gidişine etki edebileceğini düşündürmüştür. Aile ve toplumdan olumlu mesajlar gelmesi, daha az etiketleme, ücret ekonomisine daha az dahil olma, toplum merkezlilik ve duygu dışavurumunun daha düşük olması bu iyi gidişin nedenleri arasında sayılmaktadır. Şizofreni belirtileri de farklı sosyal ve kültürel ortamlarda değişebilmektedir. Klinisyenin normallik ve anormallik arasındaki çizgiyi doğru bir biçimde çekebilmesi ancak hastanın kültürel geçmişini bilmekle olur. Şizofreninin daha bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla kavranması için, hastanın ıstırabını patofizyolojiye indirgememeli ve hastalığın ardındaki kültürel bağlam ve ıstırap fark edilebilmelidir.

Schizophrenia and Culture
Whether schizophrenia is a universal disorder or it belongs to a particular domain of culture has been an intriguing question for a century in both psychiatric and anthropological circles. First anthropological efforts which claimed that schizophrenia is a ‘disorder of civilization’ are now criticized because of their biases. International Pilot Study of Schizohrenia, a multinational research project conducted by WHO, has demonstrated, that the incidence of the core symptoms of schizophrenia is similar across diverse cultural settings. One very significant finding of this study revealed that the clinical and social course of schizophrenia is better in developing than in developed nations. A number of factors are thought to play role in the more benign course of schizophrenia in developing countries. These include positive messages by the family and society, less labeling, sociocentricity, uninvolvement in wage-economy and lesser degrees of expressed emotion. Symptomatology and conceptualization of schizophrenia may also change across diverse cultural and social settings. In cultures where schizophrenia is popularly viewed as an acute problem, the cultural message is reinforced by familial and community responses to the patient that encourage normalization. The clinician must be aware of the cultural background of the patient in order to draw a clear line between normality and abnormality. To grasp schizophrenia in a holistic way, we need not reduce the suffering of the patient to disordered pathophysiology nor we should ignore the context of the symptoms but we better be able to see the suffering and the cultural context behind the illness.

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