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Yıl:2000; Cilt: 11; Sayı: 2>> Özet
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2000;11(2):138-153
Alkol bağımlılığının farmakolojik tedavisi üzerine bir gözden geçirme
A Sağduyu
Alkol bağımlılığının tedavisi iki basamaktan oluşur. Alkolden arınmanın gerçekleştirildiği ilk basamağın ardından, nüksleri (relaps) önlemeyi hedefleyen ikinci basamağa geçilir. Bu aşamada psikososyal ve farmakolojik tedavi yöntemleri uygulanır. Farmakolojik tedavi yöntemleri alkole karşı duyarlılığı arttıran ve içme dürtüsünü-şiddetli içme isteğini (craving) azaltan ilaçlardan oluşur. Bunlardan ilk grupta yer alan disülfiram ile çok sayıda araştırma yapılmış olmasına karşın, bunların çoğunda kontrol grubu kullanılmadığı ve etkililiği üzerine elde edilen bulguların çelişebildiği dikkati çekmektedir; genel olarak arınık kalma oranlarını değiştirmeksizin içme sıklığı ve miktarını azaltabildiği söylenebilir. Lityum ise nüksleri önlemede etkisiz bulunmuştur. SSGİ (seçici serotonin gerialınım inhibitörleri) grubundan ilaçlar içme miktarı ve sıklığını azaltabilmekle beraber, serotonerjik ajanlarla az sayıda araştırma yapılmıştır ve bunlar çelişkili sonuçlar vermektedir. 1990’lı yıllarda klinik uygulamaya giren akamprosat ve naltrekson, alkol bağımlılığının farmakolojik tedavisinde yeni bir ümit olmuş ve yapılan araştırmalar nüksleri önlemede etkili olabildiklerini göstermiştir. Temsil yeteneği yüksek örneklemlerde, tanımlama, ölçme ve komorbiditeye ilişkin yöntem sorunları dikkate alınarak yapılacak araştırmalar, alkol bağımlılığının nörokimyasal temellerinin anlaşılmasına ve farmakoterapisinin geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunacaktır.

Pharmacological Treatment of Alcohol Dependence: A Review
Treating alcohol dependence involves two stages. The initial stage deals with acute withdrawal and detoxification. Second stage attempts to maintain patients in remission. In this later stage treatment consists of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions. Drugs which have been used in pharmacotherapy are either alcohol-sensitizing agents or drugs that seem to reduce the urge or craving to ingest alcohol. Although the literature is substantial on use of disulfiram to treat alcoholism, the number of controlled clinical trials is limited. Outcome measures and results are varied, and they provide modest evidence that disulfiram reduces drinking frequencies without significantly enhancing abstinence rates. The literature does not support use of lithium for treatment of primary alcohol dependence. Although improved outcomes in drinking frequency and amount consumed have been reported with the use of SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), the controlled studies of serotonergic agents are limited and yielded mixed results. Recent reports documenting that naltrexone and acamprosate are more effective than placebo in preventing relapses justify interest in use of these medications for alcohol dependent patients. There is a need for more study focused on methodological problems, especially in terms of description, outcome measures and comorbidity, so that more development will be performed on the understanding of neurochemical mechanisms underlying alcohol dependence and pharmacotherapy of it

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