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Yıl:2000; Cilt: 11; Sayı: 3>> Özet
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2000;11(3):220-227
Alkol bağımlılığının tedavisinde naltrekson
A Türkcan, Ö Canbek
Biyokimyasal ve davranışsal araştırmaların, alkol ve opiyatlar arasında bir etkileşimin varlığına işaret etmesi ile, alkol bağımlılığı tedavisinde yeni yaklaşımlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Naltrekson, eroin bağımlılığının tedavisinde kullanılan seçici olmayan, uzun etkili bir opioid antagonistidir. Araştırmalar, alkol alımının opiyat reseptör aktivitelerindeki değişikliklerden etkilendiğini ve naltreksonun alkol alımını azalttığını göstermektedir. Volpicelli’nin “endorfin kompansasyon hipotezine” göre bazı bireylerde, stresli yaşam olaylarından sonra endorfin etkinliğinde göreceli bir azalma oluşmakta ve bu açığı gidermek için alkol kullanımı artmaktadır. Naltrekson sonrasında alkol alındığında, alkolün yarattığı hoşnutluk azalmakta, alkolün vücuttan atılma süresi uzamakta, tiksindirici etkiler artmakta ve ayrıca naltrekson opioid reseptörlerine etkisi ile alkolün pozitif pekiştirici etkisini de azaltmaktadır. Kontrollü klinik çalışma sonuçları, naltreksonun alkol bağımlısı hastalarda “yeniden içki içme” ve “yeniden içki içmeyi izleyen arka arkaya içme” oranlarını, nüks oranını, içilen gün sayısı ortalamasını ve alınan toplam alkol miktarını azalttığını göstermiş, sosyal içicilerde, ağır içicilerde, alkol bağımlılarında alkol isteğini azalttığı saptanmıştır. Naltrekson özellikle yeniden içmeye başlayan hastalarda nüks gelişmesini önlemektedir. Alkol bağımlılığı tedavisinde etkili yardımcı ilaçların kullanımını sınırlandıran birçok faktör bulunmaktadır. Naltreksonun tedavi etkinliğini belirleyen önemli bir faktör de hasta uyumudur; hasta uyumunu önceden kestirebilmek için, bunu bozabilen istenmeyen etkilerin bilinmesi çok önemlidir. Naltrekson kullanımında (50 mg/gün dozunda) bildirilen en sık yan etkiler arasında bulantı ve kusma bulunmaktadır. Alkol bağımlılığı tedavisi için önerilen dozlarda naltrekson ile hepatotoksisite gözlemlenmemiştir. Elde edilen veriler ışığında, alkol bağımlılığı tedavisinde, opioid antagonistlerinin ve özellikle de naltreksonun güvenli ve etkili kullanımı ile, alkolden arındırma sonrasında nüksü azaltabilen önemli bir tedavi seçeneğine sahip olduğumuz görülmektedir.


Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence
Biochemical and behavioral studies indicating a relation between alcohol and opioids have resulted in new pharmacological approaches for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Naltrexone is a non-selective, long-acting opioid antagonist used for heroin dependence. The results of several studies suggest that alcohol consumption is influenced by alterations in opiate receptor activity, and that naltrexone reduces alcohol intake. According to the “endorphine compensation hypothesis” of Volpicelli, a relative decrease in endorphine activity occurs after stressful events, and alcohol consumption is increased in order to compensate for this. When alcohol is consumed after naltrexone ingestion, the pleasant effects of alcohol decrease, alcohol elimination time increases, feelings of disgust occur and the positive reinforcement effect of alcohol also decreases as a result of the effect on opioid receptors. Results from controlled studies have shown that, in alcohol-dependent patients, naltrexone reduces slip and lapse rates, relapse rate after slip and lapse, mean number of drinking days, alcohol consumption, and the desire for alcohol in social drinkers, heavy drinkers and alcoholics. In particular, naltrexone prevents relapses, or the “incentive to drink” after slip drinking. Several factors limit the use of effective pharmacological adjuncts in the treatment of alcohol dependence. An important factor in the efficacy of naltrexone is compliance. In order to predict patient compliance, adverse effects which have an impact on compliance are important. The most common adverse effects reported with the use of naltrexone (at a dosage of 50 mg/day) include nausea and vomiting. Naltrexone does not appear to be hepatotoxic in the dosages recommended for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Thus, naltrexone appears to have significant therapeutic benefits, offering a safe and effective alternative for reducing the incidence of relapse following alcohol detoxification.


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