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Yıl:2000; Cilt: 11; Sayı: 3>> Özet
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2000;11(3):212-219
Eyleme vurma (acting-out): kavramsal ve tarihsel açıdan bir gözden geçirme
A Erol, A Eğrilmez
Eyleme vurma ilk kez Freud tarafından ruhçözümlemeci sağaltım kapsamı içerisinde ortaya atılmıştır. Freud kavramı daha çok aktarım ve direnç ile ilintili olarak kullanmış ve hastanın anılarını anımsamak yerine yaptığı davranışları eyleme vurma olarak tanımlamıştır. Freud’dan sonra eyleme vurmanın tanımı ve kullanım alanında büyük genişleme ve değişiklikler ortaya çıkmıştır. Yıllar içerisinde kavram ruhçözümleme dışına da taşınmış ve aktarım ilişkisi dışında kalan davranışları anlatmak için de kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Özellikle Fenichel, Greenacre ve Bellak gibi yazarlar belli aralıklarla eyleme vuran kişilerin özelliklerini incelemişler, erken örseleyici yaşantılar, gelişme döneminde aşırı uyarılma ve dürtü denetiminde zayıflığı yineleyici eyleme vuruk davranışların ortaya çıkmasında etkili olan nedenler arasında saymışlardır. Ruhçözümleme kuramının ilk dönemlerinde kavramı inceleyen yazarlar daha çok psikopatalojik yönü üzerinde durmuşlar ve eyleme vurmayı uyumsuz ve yıkıcı bir davranış olarak görmüşler, direnç işlevi gördüğünü vurgulamışlardır. Ruhçözümleme kuramının son dönemlerinden başlayarak eyleme vurmanın uyum sağlayıcı yönü giderek daha fazla vurgulanmaya başlanmıştır. Pek çok yazar eyleme vurmanın psikopatolojik boyutunun yanısıra iletişim işlevi gördüğüne, koruyucu ve savunucu işlevleri olduğuna değinmiş, bazı yazarlar kavramı benliğin olgunlaşmamış savunma düzenekleri içerisinde ele almışlardır. Çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde ise eyleme vurmanın olgunlaşma için gerekli, doğal bir süreç olduğu ve erişkinliğe geçişe hazırlanmak üzere yapılan denemeleri içerdiği görüşü büyük oranda kabul görmüştür. Günümüzde kavramın bilinçdışından kaynaklanıyor olmasının bugüne dek üzerinde görüş birliği sağlanan tek ortak nokta olduğu dikkat çekmektedir.

Acting Out: An Overview from Conceptual and Historical Perspective
Acting out is a concept that has been debated for over a century without a definite consensus. This paper provides a historical perspective on acting out, focusing on the evolution of the concept in the literature. It contrasts multiple viewpoints for the definition, usage and origins of this concept and explicates their differences. Freud first introduced this term in the context of psychoanalytical therapy, as it relates to transference and resistance. He defined acting out as the behaviors a patient adopts in lieue of recalling memories. After Freud, acting out acquired a broader meaning and many changes occurred in its usage. Starting from the early periods of psychoanalytical theory, acting out has expanded significantly to include concepts beyond psychoanalysis and transference. In particular, Fenichel, Greenacre and Bellak studied the characteristics of individuals who tend to act out frequently, and considered early traumatic experiences, overstimulation during the developmental period and poor impulse control to be among the factors that contribute to acting out. During the early periods of psychoanalytic theory, studies emphasized the psychopatologic aspects of acting out, viewing it as a dissonent, negative behavior, fulfilling the role of resistance. In later periods of psychoanalytic theory, the emphasis shifted towards the adaptative aspects of acting out. Many such studies indicated that acting out plays a communicative role as well as being a protective and defensive mechanism. Some authors considered acting out among the immature defense mechanisms of the ego. It is widely accepted that during childhood and adolescence, acting out involves experiments in preparation for adulthood, and that it is an essential and natural process for reaching maturity. Our review indicates that following its introduction a hundred [year]s ago, after much debate, the only point of consensus is that acting out originates from the unconscious.

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