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Yıl:2016; Cilt: 27; Sayı: 4>> Özet
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Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2016;27(4):275-285
Tourette Sendromunun Nörobiyolojisi
D Ünal, D Akdemir
Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi, Zonguldak
Tourette Sendromu (TS), çocukluk çağında sık görülen, uzun süreli motor ve vokal tiklerle karakterize, nörogelişimsel bir bozukluktur ve etiyolojisi henüz tam olarak aydınlatılamamıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda TS olan kişilerin farklı bir nörobiyolojik yapıya sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Bu gözden geçirme yazısında, TS ile ilgili yazın taranarak hastalığın etiyolojisinin ve patofizyolojisinin araştırılmasına yönelik çalışmaların gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla PubMed veri tabanında elektronik arama yapılmıştır. 1985-2015 yılları arasında yayınlanan makalelerden yararlanılmış, özellikle son yıllardaki araştırma ve gözden geçirme çalışmalarının incelenmesine ağırlık verilmiştir. Anahtar sözcükler olarak tik bozuklukları, Tourette Sendromu, nörobiyoloji, genetik, nörogörüntüleme ve hayvan modelleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmalara göre, TS oluşumunda genetik yatkınlık hipotezinin öncelikli olduğu düşünülse de, TS ile ilişkisi kesinleşmiş bir genetik bozukluk saptanamamıştır. TS’de kortiko-striato-talamo-kortikal (KSTK) devrelerle ilgili olduğu düşünülen bozukluk; postmortem ve beyin görüntüleme çalışmalarıyla heterojen hasta gruplarında ve hayvan çalışmalarıyla gösterilmiştir. Dolayısıyla, patofizyolojide en çok üzerinde durulan hipotez bu devrelerdeki dopaminerjik iletim bozukluğu olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, bulgular bozukluğun nörogelişimsel olduğu yönündeki hipotezi de doğrulamıştır. Sonuç olarak, TS etiyolojisinin anlaşılabilmesi için daha çok çalışma yapılması gerekmektedir. TS nörobiyolojisiyle ilgili elde edilecek veriler, yalnızca TS’ye ışık tutmakla kalmayacak, aynı zamanda hastalığın tedavi seçenekleriyle ilgili çalışmalar için de yol gösterici olacaktır.
Neurobiology of Tourette Syndrome
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by chronic motor and vocal tics. Although it is a common disorder in childhood, the etiology of Tourette Syndrome has not been fully elucidated yet. Studies, -conducted so far- have revealed differences in neurobiological structures of individuals who suffer from Tourette Syndrome. The objective of this review is to assess etiological and pathophysiological studies in the Tourette Syndrome literature. An electronical search was conducted in PubMed database using the keywords tic disorders, Tourette Syndrome, neurobiology, genetics, neuroimaging and animal models. Research and review studies published between 1985 and 2015, with a selection preference towards recent publications, were reviewed. According to the studies, genetic predisposition hypothesis is considered as a priority. However, a precise genetic disorder associated with Tourette Syndrome has not been found. The evidence from postmortem and neuroimaging studies in heterogenous patient groups and animal studies supports the pathological involvement of cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits in Tourette Syndrome. Consequently, the most emphasized hypothesis in the pathophysiology is the dopaminergic dysfunction in these circuits. Furthermore, these findings of the animal, postmortem and neuroimaging studies have confirmed the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of Tourette Syndrome. In conclusion, more studies are needed to understand the etiology of the disorder. The data obtained from neurobiological studies of the disorder will not only shed light on the way of Tourette Syndrome, but also guide studies on its treatment options.

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