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Yıl:2016; Cilt: 6; Sayı: 2>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2016;6(2):137-147
Sirkadiyen Ritim Uyku Bozuklukları
O Çalıyurt
Trakya Üniversitesi, Edirne
Sirkadiyen ritim uyku bozuklukları ayrı bir uyku bozukluğu grubudur ve fizyolojik, davranışsal ve çevresel etkenlerin bir kombinasyonu sonucu oluşmaktadır. Sirkadiyen zamanlayıcı sistem bir biyolojik saati içermektedir ve anterior hipotalamusta suprakiyazmatik nükleusta yer almaktadır. Bu saatin temel görevi gün içerisinde uyanıklığı arttırmak ve dolayısı ile de uyku konsolidasyonunun gece döneminde olmasını kolaylaştırmaktır. Yani saatimiz 24 saatlik döngü içerisindeki uyku ve uyanıklığın dağılımını sağlamaktadır. Sirkadiyen ritim uyku bozuklukları sirkadiyen zamanlayıcı sistemde ortaya çıkan bozukluklar veya bu sistemde bir bozukluk olmadığı halde dış fiziksel ya da sosyal çevre ile sirkadiyen zamanlayıcı sistemin uyumsuzluğu söz konusu olduğunda görülmektedir. Sonuçta klinik görünüm, içsel biyolojik saat düzgün çalışmadığında ve dış çevreye göre uyumsuz olduğunda, örneğin gecikmiş ve geriye kaymış uyku-uyanıklık döngüleri ya da 24 saatlik olmayan uyku-uyanıklık döngüsü şeklinde veya fiziksel çevre içsel olarak oluşturulan biyolojik zamanlamaya göre değiştiğinde, örneğin vardiyalı çalış- ma ya da Jet-Lag durumlarında olduğu gibi sirkadiyen ritim uyku bozuklukları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Temel klinik belirti olarak ya aşırı uyku ya da uykusuzluk ortaya çıkmaktadır. Birçok uyku bozukluğunda ortaya çıkan ve sık görülen bu belirtilerden dolayı yeterli değerlendirmesi yapılamayan olgularda doğru tanının konması gecikebilmektedir. Sirkadiyen uyku bozukluklarının tedavisi başlıca sirkadiyen ritimlerin dü- zenlenmesi ile yapılabildiğinden diğer uyku bozukluklarından farklı olarak kronoterapiler, parlak ışık tedavileri ve melatonin kullanımı birincil tedavi unsurları arasında yer almaktadır. Bu gözden geçirmede, sirkadiyen zamanlayıcı sistemin nörobiyolojisi, uyku-uyanıklık döngüsünün sirkadiyen süreçler ile belirlenmesi, temel sirkadiyen ritim uyku bozuklukları ve bunların özellikleri ile tedavide kullanılan yöntemler aktarılmaya çalışılacaktır.
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are distinct class of sleep disorders and physiological, behavioral and environmental factors play important role in the etiology. Circadian timing system includes a biological clock at the suprachiasmatic nucleus in anterior hypothalamus. Biological clock mainly promotes wakefulness and consolidate sleep periods at night, consequently sleep and wake period distribution in 24-hour day achieved by biological clock. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders occur when circadian rhythms are disrupted or mismatched between the circadian timing and physical and social envirnonment. In other words, clinical picture is clear in patients whom circadian system is malfunctioning like delayed, advanced or non-24 hour types or maladjustment to external environment relative to internal rhythms followed by shift-work or Jet-Lag type circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Main clinical symptoms in circadian rhythm sleep disorders are sleepines and insomnia. But because those sleep symptoms are the identical symptoms frequently seen in sleep disorders, in many cases without sufficient clinical evaluation correct diagnosis of circadian rhythm sleep disorders are overlooked or delayed. Treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders primarily provided by readjustment of circadian rhythms so different kinds of treatment options like chronotherapies, bright light therapies and melatonin used for their treatments unlike conventional sleep disorders. In this review neurobiology of circadian timing system, effects of circadian proccess on sleep-wake cycles, circadian rhythm sleep disorders and their clinical characteristics, etiology, diagnosis and treatment options discussed.

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