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Yıl:2016; Cilt: 6; Sayı: 2>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2016;6(2):89-95
Uykunun Nörobiyolojisi ve Fizyolojisi
SY Özbay, M Bilici
İstanbul Psikiyatri Akademisi, İstanbul
Uyku, uyanıklık bilincinin belirli bir oranda ortadan kalktığı ancak beyin aktivitesinin uykunun evresine göre değiştiği karmaşık bir fizyolojik davranış formu olarak tanımlanabilir. Uyku ve uyanıklığın döngüsel olarak yer değiştirmesi, çeşitli özelleşmiş beyin bölgeleri, biyokimyasal etmenler, sirkadiyen ritim yapıları ve homeostatik mekanizmalar tarafından kontrol edilir. Uyku, ölçülebilir parametreler temel alınarak, REM ve NREM olmak üzere iki evreye ayrılır. Uyku ve uyanıklık karşılıklı çalışan özelleşmiş nöral sistemler ve nörobiyolojik düzenekler sayesinde gerçekleşir. Bu sistem ve mekanizmalar “uyanıklığı sağlayan-destekleyen sistemler” ve “uykuyu sağlayan-destekleyen sistemler” şeklinde iki grupta düşünülebilir. Bu iki grup karşılıklı etkileşim halinde birbirlerini doğrudan ya da dolaylı yollardan etkileyerek uyku ve uyanıklığın yer değiştirmesini sağlarlar. Bu yazıda önce uykunun yapısal özellikleri ve uykunun homeostatik ve sirkadiyen ritimler tarafından düzenlenmesi ile ilgili bilgiler, sonra uyku ve uyanıklık süreçlerini düzenleyen nöral sistemler ve nörotransmitterler gözden geçirilecektir.
Neurobiology and Physiology of Sleep
Sleep can be defined as a complex physiological behavioral state when consciousness during wakefulness is reduced at a point but activity of brain changes due to its phase. Specific brain regions, biochemical factors, circadian rhythms and homeostatic mechanisms control the cyclic transition between sleep and wakefulness. Sleep is divided into two phases named REM and NREM based on measurable parameters. Sleep and wakefulness are generated by special neural systems and neurobiological mechanisms that are working mutually. These systems and mechanisms are considered in two groups: “sleep promoting” and “wake promoting”. The interaction between these two groups provides sleep-wake alternation by affecting each other directly or indirectly. The architecture of sleep, regulation of sleep by homeostatic and circadian rhythms and the neural systems and neurobiological mechanisms that modulates sleep and wakefulness are reviewed in this article.

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