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Yıl:2001; Cilt: 12; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2001;12(2):133-146
Eşduyum (Empati): Tanımı ve kullanımı üzerine bir gözden geçirme
Ş Gülseren
Atatürk Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Psikiyatri Kl.,\r\nİzmir
Eşduyum, ilk kez Aristo tarafından tanımlandığı günden bu yana değişikliklere uğramıştır. Güncel eşduyum kavramı, tartışmalı yönleri bulunmakla birlikte üzerinde daha fazla görüş birliğinin bulunduğu bir noktadadır. Eşduyumla ilgili açıklamalar, daha çok psikolojik açıdan olmuştur; günümüzde biyolojik yönden açıklayıcı çalışmalar henüz başlangıç noktasındadır. Eşduyum, terapistte kendiliğinden, intrapsişik, geçici bilinç öncesi olarak ortaya çıkan; afektif ve bilişsel bileşenleri olan ve terapistin hastanın bilinçli ya da bilinç dışı olarak ne deneyimliyor olabileceğini bilmesi ve anlamasını sağlayan bir deneyim olarak tanımlanabilir. Eşduyum, terapistin hasta ile olan duygusal ilişkisini ifade eder. Herhangi bir psikanalitik teknik ya da kuramsal bir yapı anlamına gelmez; daha çok terapistin hastanın iç dünyasına duyarlı, nazik ve deneyimle yakın bir biçimde yaklaştığı genel bir yoldur. Eşduyumun intrapsişik ve kişilerarası yönleri vardır. Eşduyum döngüsü, süreç boyunca olanları intrapsişik ve kişilerarası yönlerine odaklanarak açıklamaya çalışan bir model olarak ileri sürülmüştür. Eşduyumun, eşduyumlu anlayış (empathic understanding), özdeşim (identification), yansıtmalı özdeşim (projective identification) ve yansıtma (projection) ile farklılıkları vardır ve bu deyimler eşduyumla karıştırılabilmektedir. Terapistin eşduyumu, Kohut’un kendilik (self) psikolojisinde kullanılan analitik tekniğin temel unsurlarından biridir. Burada eşduyum hastanın içsel durumunun anlaşılmasının önemli bir yolu olarak kabul edilir. Psikanalitik anlayış, hastanın yaşantısına yakın biçimde bir paylaşımın sağlandığı, dolaylı iç gözleme olanak veren eşduyumlu-içe bakışla ortaya çıkar. Bu yazıda eşduyum, tanımı, kullanımı ve kısıtlılıkları açısından gözden geçirilmiştir.
Empathy: A Review of It’s Description and Usage
The concept of empathy has changed since it was first defined by Aristotle. Although controversial issues remain, there is more consensus on the concept currently. Studies about empathy are generally done from the psychological point of view, and biological studies are very new. Empathy has been defined as a spontaneous, intrapsychic, preconscious, and temporary experience having affective/cognitive components that occurs in the therapist whereby he or she comes to know and comprehend what the patient might be experiencing consciously or unconsciously. It is important to arrive at an empathic understanding of how the patient feels. This is a critical basis for building a relationship with the patient. Empathy expresses the emotional relationship of the therapist with the patient. It is not a psychoanalytic technique or a theoretical structure; it is rather a general way of approaching the inner world of the patient. It is a sensitive, gentle, and harmonius approach to the experience of the patient. Empathy has intrapsychic and interpersonal qualities. The empathy cycle has been proposed as a model for understanding the things happening throughout the process. Empathy is different from empathic understanding, identification, projective identification and projection, and should not be confused with those terms. An essential part of Kohut’s self psychological analytic technique is played by the therapist’s empathy. This is seen as an important way of understanding the patient’s inner state. Psychoanalytic understanding arises from an empathic-introspective stance which permits vicarious introspection, leading to experience-near participitation. In this paper, empathy is reviewed in terms of its definition, usage and limitations.

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