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Yıl:1997; Cilt: 12; Sayı: 40>> Özet
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Türk Psikoloji Dergisi; 1997;12(40):1-16
Biyolojik Saat ve Biyoritimlerin Psikobiyolojisi
R Canbeyli
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Son yıllar, içsel (endojen) biyolojik saat, saatin düzenlediği biyoritimler ve bunların psikobiyolojik olgular açısından önemi konularına artan bir ilgiye tanık olmuştur. İnsanlarda ve belirgin günlük ritimlere sahip hamster ya da sıçan gibi türlerde yapılan çalışmalar beyinde birden fazla biyolojik osilatörün (saatin) bulunabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Ancak, günlük uyku-uyanıklık, yeme ve içme evreleri dahil olmak üzere çeşitli günlük ritimlerin hipotalamustaki bir çift çekirdek- nucleus suprachiasmaticus (SCN) - aracılığıyla düzenlendiğine ilişkin yaygın kanı vardır. SCN 'nin çift yanlı haraplanmasının birçok biyoritimde aritmiye yol açtığı bilinmektedir. Birkaç saat dilimini aşan uçak yolculuklarından kaynaklanan geçici işlev bozukluğu, yorgunluğa ve bilişsel kayıplara yol açmaktadır. Bazı depresyon türleri biyolojik ritimler arasındaki uyumsuzluktan kaynaklanabilir. Bu gibi bulgular, SCN üzerinde yoğun nöroanatomik, nörojızyolojik ve psikobiyolojik araştırmalar yapılmasında etkili olmuştur. Özellikle verimli bir yaklaşım da SCN işlevlerinin sinir dokusu nakli ile incelenmesidir. Bu teknik, SCN nin çift yanlı haraplanması sonucu işlev kaybına uğramış hayvanların beyinlerine SCN içeren sinir dokusu transplantasyonuna dayalıdır. İşlevin yeniden kazanımı sağlayan etkili doku nakillerinin incelenmesi biyolojik saatin biyoritimleri nasıl düzenlediğine ilişkin değerli bilgiler sunmaya başlamıştır.
The Biological Clock and the Psychobiology of Biorhythm
Recent years have witnessed a heightened interest in the nature of the endogenous biological clock, its regulation of biorhythms and its implication for psychobiological phenomena. Studies on humans as well as such species as hamsters and rats with relatively well defined circadian (daily) rhythms have indicated that there may be more than one endogenous master oscillator (clock) in the brain Nevertheless, it is widely accepted that a pair of hypothalamic nuclei -suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)- regulates many daily rhythms that include the daily sleep-waking, drinking and feeding cycles. Disruption of SCN function by means of bilateral lesions is known to induce arrhytmia in many biorhythms. A temporary dysfunction induced by a desynchrony among rhythms such as by jet travel involving several time zones results in fatigue and cognitive impairment. Some forms of depression may be due to desynchrony among biological rhythms. Such findings have provided ' impetus for 'extensive neuroanatomical, neuropysioogical as well as psychobiological investigations on SCN. A particularly productive approach has been the study of SCN function by neural grafts. This technique involves transplantation of embryonic tissue containing the SCN into the brain of hosts that have been previously made arrhythmic by bilateral SCN lesions. Examination of successful grafts that induce recovery of function in the host have begun to provide valuable insight into the nature of the biological clock in regulating biological rhythms.

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