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Yıl:2015; Cilt: 52; Sayı: Ek 1>> Özet
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Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi; 2015;52(Ek 1):16-24
Magnetik Rezonans Görüntüleme Multipl Skleroz Tanı ve Tedavisinde Temel Bir Kilometre Taşıdır
R Karabudak
Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara
Multipl skleroz (MS), merkezi sinir sisteminin inflamatuar demiyelizan bir hastalığıdır. Magnetik Rezonans Görüntüleme (MRG), MS hastalarının tanı ve tedavisinde eşsiz bir role sahiptir. Son yıllarda yapılan MRG bazlı çalışmalar hastalığın daha erken ve kesin tanısında MRG’nin gücünü gösterirken, MS’in tanı kriterlerinde önemli değişiklikler olmuştur. Randomize, kontrollü çalışmalarda deneysel tedavilerin etkinliğini değerlendirmede MRG, temel destekleyici sonuç ölçüsü olmuştur. MRG, klinik izole sendromlu hastalarda da prognostik araç olarak kullanılabilir. Proton yoğunluğu, T1/T2-ağırlıklı imajlar ve FLAIR sekansı dahil geleneksel MR teknikleri MS klinik çalışmalarında tanı ve tedavi sonuç ölçümleri için standart protokol olarak kabul edilmektedir. Radyolojik özellikler RIS ve multipl skleroz arasında benzerlik gösterebilir. RIS’lı hastaların yaklaşık üçte ikisi radyolojik progresyon gösterirken, üçte birinde beş yıllık takip süresinde nörolojik semptomlar gelişir. Ancak oluşturulan RIS kriterlerinin global uygulamasındaki mevcut sorun, medikal olarak “tanımlanmamış parlak objeler” olarak adlandırılan veya yaygın olarak migren hastalarında tanımlanan MS’te alana göre dağılımı karşılayan spesifik olmayan T2-hiperintensitelere kıyasla MS için son derece karakteristik olan anomalilerin kazara tanımlanmasıyla kesin bir sınıflandırma yapılmasıdır. RIS sınıflandırmasını iyileştirmek için sistematik veriler ve risk algoritmalarının oluşturulması son derece önemlidir. Böylelikle bilimsel olarak desteklenen tedavi temeli sağlanır ve en önemlisi hatalı sınıflandırma nedeniyle gereksiz medikal testlere, MS tedavilerine ve psikolojik hasara maruz kalan hasta sayısı en aza indirilmiş olur. Bunlara ek olarak, beyin atrofisi MR volumetrik ölçümlerleriyle kuantitatif olarak değerlendirilebilen yaygın bir bulgudur. MRG ve skorlama sistemlerindeki klinik markörleri birleştiren entegre stratejiler MS hastalarının tedavisinde potansiyel olarak kullanışlı bir yaklaşım sağlamıştır.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Major Milestone in Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis and Treatment
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has played a unique role in the diagnosis and management of patients with MS. In recent years, there have been considerable changes in the diagnostic criteria for MS as MRI-based studies have demonstrated their power in the earlier and more accurate diagnosis of the disease. Moreover, MRI metrics have become key supportive outcome measures for evaluating the efficacy of experimental treatments in randomized controlled trials. MRI can also be used as a prognostic tool in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). Conventional MR techniques including proton density, T1/T2-weighted images, and FLAIR sequences are now accepted in standard protocols for diagnostic and treatment outcome measures in clinical trials for MS. Radiological features may show a similarity between radiologically isolated syndrome and MS. Approximately two-thirds of individuals with RIS exhibit radiological progression and one-third develop neurological symptoms during mean follow-up times of up to five years. However, a current challenge in the global application of established criteria for RIS involves the accurate classification of subjects with incidentally identified anomalies that are highly characteristic of MS, in comparison to those categorized in medical parlance as possessing “unidentified bright objects” or nonspecific T2-hyperintensities, which are commonly identified in patients with migraine headache who fulfill the spatial dissemination requirements for MS. The need for systematically acquired data for improvements in the classification of radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) and the generation of risk algorithms are critically important, providing a basis for scientifically supported management and most importantly, minimizing the number of improperly classified subjects exposed to unnecessary medical testing, MS treatments, and psychological harm. In addition, brain atrophy is a common finding that can now be quantitatively assessed by MR volumetric measures. Further, integrated strategies that combine MRI and clinical markers in scoring systems have provided a potentially useful approach for the management of patients with MS.

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