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Yıl:2015; Cilt: 5; Sayı: 4>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2015;5(4):288-294
Tedaviye dirençli şizofrenide nörobiyoloji
SU Kaymak
Bu makale şizofreni hastalarında tedaviye direncin nörobiyolojik temellerini anlamak üzere yapılmış çalışmaların sonuçlarını özetlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Şizofreninin nörobiyolojisini belirlemedeki karmaşıklıklar benzer biçimde tedaviye dirençli şizofreni hastalarında da karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bunlara ek olarak uzun süreli hastalığın doğal etkisi ile antipsikotik tedavilerin etkilerini ayrıştırmanın zorlukları, örneklem küçüklükleri ve tanı geçerliği sorunları nedeniyle bu alanda kristalize olmuş bilgilerin oldukça az olduğu görülmektedir. Bu nedenlerle bu makalede tekrarlanan çalışmalarda veya üst analizlerde teyit edilmemiş bilgilere yer verilmemeye çalışılmıştır. Bu alanda yapılmış en tutarlı araştırmalar ağırlıklı olarak genetik çalışmalardan ve yapısal ve işlevsel beyin görüntüleme çalışmalarından oluşmaktadır. Genetik çalışmaların pek çok negatif sonucuna rağmen, nörotransmitter sistemleriyle ilgili genler üzerinde durulmuş ve şizofreni için risk oluşturan genlerin yüklü biçimde varlığının tedaviye dirençle ilişkili olabileceği belirtilmiştir. Beyin görüntüleme çalışmalarının ortak sonuçları özgül olmayan biçimde beyin bölgelerinde küçüklük, korpus kallozum yapı bozukluğu, prefrontal korteks hipoperfüzyonu ve glutamat sistemindeki anormalliklere işaret etmektedir. Dopamin sistemindeki anormallikler ise tedaviye yanıt veren şizofreni hastalarında dikkati çekmektedir. Sheitman ve Lieberman tedaviye direncin gerçekleşebileceği noktaların nörogelişimsel ve nörodejeneratif aşamalarda olabileceğini düşünmüşler ve tanımladıkları modelde bu aşamaları; kortikal nöropatoloji ve nöromodulasyon kapasitesinde yetersizlik, nörokimyasal duyarlılık ve nörotoksisite olarak belirtmişlerdir. Tedaviye dirençli şizofreninin nörobiyolojik temelleri halen, üzerinde düşünülmeye ve araştırılmaya açık bir alan olarak karşımızda durmaktadır.
Neurobiology of treatment resistant schizophrenia
Neurobiology of treatment resistant schizophrenia The aim of this paper is to summarize the results of the studies which were made to evaluate the neurobiological fundamentals of treatment resistance in patients with schizophrenia. The complexity in the determination of the neurobiology of schizophrenia appears similarly in schizophrenia patients who are resistant to treatment. In addition, the crystallized information are very few owing to difficulties to separate from the natural effects of the chronic course of the disease and side effects of antipsychotic treatment, problems from small sample size, and diagnostic validity obstacles. Because of all those reasons, this manuscript does not involve the results which were not confirmed in repeated researches and further analysis. The most consistent researches mainly consist of the genetic and neuroimaging studies in this field. Despite many negative results of the genetic researches, the genes which are related to neurotransmitter systems were elaborated and treatment resistance was found to be related to the existence of loading of the genes that generated risk for schizophrenia. The overall results of the neuroimaging studies are decreased volumes in brain regions nonspecifically, structural deformities in corpus callosum, and hypoperfusion in prefrontal cortex and abnormalities in glutamatergic system. As for those abnormalities in dopamin system takes attention in patients who respond to treatment. Sheitman and Lieberman considered that resistance to treatment would develop in some points of the neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental stages and those stages in the identified model are cortical neuropathology and deficient neuromodulatory capacity, neuro- chemical sensitization, and subsequent neurotoxicity. Neurobiological basis of the treatment resistant schizophrenia still stand out a field which is open to give consideration and investigate.

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