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Yıl:2014; Cilt: 4; Sayı: 3>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2014;4(3):290-305
Obsesif kompulsif bozuklukta bilișsel davranıșçı terapi
E Ertekin
İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Alıştırma ve tepki engellemenin (ATE) tek başına ya da bilişsel müdahalelerle birlikte kullanılması obsesif kompulsif bozuklukta (OKB) etkinliğine dair en fazla kanıt bulunan psikoterapi yaklaşımını oluşturur. Mowrer’in iki aşamalı korku ve kaçınma kuramına dayalı davranışçı modellerin OKB’yi açıklamada bazı sınırlılıkları vardır. İntrüzif düşüncelerin genel toplumda yaygın olduğu ve klinik obsesyonların bu düşüncelerin ancak önemli, tehdit edici, kişisel anlamı olan düşünceler olarak yorumlanması sonrasında geliştiğine dayalı bilişsel modeller OKB’nin anlaşılmasına önemli katkılar sağlamıştır. ATE obsesyonlara bağlı sıkıntı oluşturan uyaranlarla, bu sıkıntıyı hafifletme amaçlı davranışları gerçekleştirmeksizin karşılaşma şeklinde uygulanır. Alıştırma egzersizleri gerçek yaşamda (in vivo alıştırma) ya da imgelemde yapılabilir. Egzersizler sırasında anksiyetenin yüksek bir düzeye ulaşması gereklidir; tepki engelleme ile birleştirilen bu egzersizler sonrasında anksiyetenin kendiliğinden düşmesi hedeflenir. ATE ile bilişsel davranışçı terapi (BDT), meta-analizlere göre, OKB için benzer etkinliğe sahiptir. OKB belirtilerinin ve OKB’ye sık eşlik eden depresyon eş tanısının ya da belirtilerinin şiddetinin tedavinin sonuçları üzerindeki etkisine dair literatürde çelişkili veriler bulunmaktadır. Tedavide hastadan kendisinde sıkıntı yaratan durumlarla karşılaşması isteneceğinden, hastanın OKB’nin bilişsel davranışçı modelini kavraması ve tedavi rasyonelinin anlayabileceği biçimde sunulması tedavinin başarısı açısından büyük önem taşır. Bu gözden geçirme yazısında, önce OKB’nin davranışçı ve bilişsel modelleri açıklanacak, ardından kısaca ATE/ BDT’nin OKB’deki etkinliğine dair verilerden söz edilecektir. Bunun ardından en sık karşılaşılan OKB belirtileri olan kirlenme-bulaşma korkuları ve kompulsif kontrol etme tedavileri açıklanacaktır.
Cognitive behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder
Exposure and response prevention (ERP) -with or without additional cognitive interventions- is the most well-established psychotherapy method for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Behavioral models based on Mowrer’s two stage theory of fear and avoidance has some limitations for explaining the development of OCD. Cognitive theories stating that intrusive thoughts are highly prevalent in the general population and clinical obsessions developed only when they are interpreted by the patient as important, threatening or personally significant, have contributed significantly to our understanding of OCD. ERP is applied by helping the patient to face the stimuli that provoke obsession-related anxiety while refraining from behaviors that was developed to prevent or lessen that anxiety. Exposure exercises can be done in real life settings (in vivo exposure) or in imagination (imaginal exposure). During exposure exercises anxiety must increase to a high level and in combination with response prevention, a spontaneous decrease in anxiety should occur. According to the results of meta-analyses ERP and CBT have comparable efficacy for OCD. The literature on the possible effects of symptom severity of OCD or the presence of major depression comorbidity/severity of depressive symptoms on treatment outcome is equivocal. Since the treatment requires the patients to confront the situations that cause distress to them, a clear understanding of cognitive behavioral models of OCD and being provided a comprehensive treatment rationale is important for the success of the treatment. In this review article, behavioral and cognitive models of OCD will be explained first and then a short discussion on the efficacy of ERP/CBT for OCD will follow. Finally, treatment of two of the most common symptoms of OCD -fear of contamination and compulsive checking- will be explained.

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