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Yıl:2014; Cilt: 4; Sayı: 3>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2014;4(3):260-268
Obsesif kompulsif bozuklukta ilaç dıșı biyolojik tedaviler
S Candansayar
Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara
Obsesif kompulsif bozuklukta (OKB) kontrollü çalışmalar serotonin gerialım inhibitörleri ve psikoterapinin özgül etkinliğini gösterse de, bazı hastalarda yeterli sonuç alınamamaktadır. OKB’de tedaviye yanıtsızlık ağır yeti yitimine neden olur. Dirençli OKB’de ilaç dışı biyolojik tedavi yaklaşımları hasar verici işlemler ile derin beyin uyarımı (DBU) ya da transkraniyal manyetik uyarım (TMU) gibi nöromodulasyon teknikleri olarak kabaca ikiye ayrılabilir. Tedavi yöntemleri OKB’nin etiyopatogenezinde rol oynadığı düşünülen beyin alanlarını hedef alır. Cerrahide hedefler orbitofrontostriyatotalamokortikal ağlar, ventral striatum, internal kapsülün ön bacağı, nükleus akkumbens ve subtalamik çekirdektir. Son zamanlarda, geri dönüşlü olmaları nedeniyle DBU ve TMU teknikleri daha çok ilgi görmektedirler. Psikocerrahi işlem süreci kolay ve komplikasyonu az olmasına karşın, geri dönüşsüz hasar bırakırken, DBU, işlem süreci zorlu, komplikasyonlara açık, invazif girişim gerektiren, ancak geri dönüşlü ve hasar oluşturmayan bir yöntemdir. Transkraniyal manyetik uyarım yöntemi ise herhangi bir cerrahi işlem içermez. Her üç yöntem arasında en yüksek iyileşme oranları psikocerrahi uygulamalarında elde edilmektedir. Henüz tedaviye direnç durumlarında başvurulan bir ‘alternatif ’ olmaktan öte olmayan bu yöntemlere hastalığın kendine özgü doğası nedeniyle çok sayıda OKB hastasının ilgisi artmakta ve hekimlere başvuruya neden olmaktadır. Bu durum hastalarda karşılanamayan beklentiler ve izleyen hayal kırıklıklarına yol açabilmekte ve kimi zaman da hastaların istismar edilmesine neden olabilmektedir. Genel psikiyatri pratiğinde OKB olgularında her üç yöntemin kullanılmasıyla ilgili bir uzlaşının gelişmesi önemlidir. Bu amaçla öncelikle her iki yöntemin nörobiyolojik temelleri ve uygulanma süreçleri gözden geçirilerek, yayımlanmış bulgular özetlenecektir. Ardından klinik uygulamada psikocerrahi ve DBU yöntemlerinin uygulanma kararının verilmesi için üzerinde uzlaşılan ilkeler belirtilecektir. Ayrıca OKB tedavisinde kullanılan TMU çalışmaları hakkında bilgi verilecektir.
Non pharmacological biological therapies in obsessive compulsive disorder
While controlled trials with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and/or psychotherapy have demonstrated a selective efficacy in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), some patients do not have a satisfactory outcome. Non-response to treatment in OCD is associated with serious disability. Non pharmacological biological approaches to the treatment of resistant OCD can be broadly divided into lesioning procedures and neuromodulation like deep brain stimulation (DBS) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Treatment approaches target the brain areas which are believed to be involved in etiopathogenesis in OCD. The orbitofrontostriatothalamocortical fibers, ventral striatum, anterior limbs of internal capsule, nucleus accumbens, and the subthalamic nucleus have been neuroanatomical targets in surgery. Recently, because of its reversibility, DBS and TMS techniques have gained more interest. Psychosurgery, despite the easiness of the procedure and its mild complications, can cause irreversible damage, while DBS is an invasive approach with a hard procedure and more complications, but is reversible and does not cause any damage. TMS does not include and surgical procedure. Among these three treatment approaches, the highest recovery rate is for psychosurgery. Despite the fact that these treatment approaches are yet not more than “alternative” treatments for treatment resistant cases, there is an increase in the interest and applications for these treatment approaches among OCD patients, because of the characteristics of the disease. This may cause unmet expectations followed by disappointment in patients, as well as abuse of these patients. In general psychiatric practice, it is important to have a consensus on the usage of these three methods in OCD cases. With this aim, firstly, the neurobiological basis and application process of these two methods will be reviewed, and the published results will be summarized. Then, the consensus principles about the decision to apply psychosurgery and DBS in clinical practice will be stated. In addition, the information about the usage of TMS in OCD will be given.

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