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Yıl:2014; Cilt: 4; Sayı: 3>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2014;4(3):249-259
Dirençli obsesif kompulsif bozukluğun tedavisi
R Tükel
İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Çok sayıda rastgele kontrollü çalışmanın sonuçlarına dayanılarak, serotonin gerialım inhibitörleri (SGİ’ler) ve bilişsel-davranışçı terapi (BDT), obsesif kompulsif bozuklukta (OKB) ilk basamak tedaviler olarak kabul edilir. OKB hastalarının %40-60’ı SGİ tedavisine yanıt vermemektedir. İlk kullanılan SGİ’ye yanıt vermeyen hastaya, başka bir SGİ’ye geçmesi önerilir. SGİ tedavisine kısmi yanıt veren hastada ise, başka bir ilaca geçmek yerine, güçlendirme stratejisine başvurmak tercih edilebilir. Tedaviye dirençli hastalarda, BDT’yi de içeren ilk basamak tedavilerin yeterli sayıda denenmesinin ardından, güçlendirme tedavileri gündeme gelir. SGİ’lerin, risperidon, aripipirazol, ketiapin ve olanzapini içeren atipik antipsikotiklerle güçlendirilmesine ilişkin çeşitli kanıtlar bulunmaktadır. Diğer güçlendirme ilaçları arasında; klomipramin, klonazepam, pindolol, klonidin, ondansetron, memantin, N-asetilsistein, lamotrijin, topiramat, selekoksib yer almaktadır. SSGİ’lerin yüksek dozda kullanılması, bir tedavi stratejisi olarak düşünülebilir. Tedaviye dirençli bazı hastalarda damar içi klomipramin ve sitalopram ile belirgin bir düzelme sağlanabilmektedir. Tedaviye yanıtsız hastalarda, ilk ve ikinci basamak tedaviler ve güçlendirme stratejilerinin ardından, akla gelmesi gereken ilaç dışındaki biyolojik tedaviler; yineleyici transkraniyal manyetik uyarım (TMU), derin beyin uyarımı (DBU) ve beyinde stereotaktik lezyon oluşturma uygulamalarıdır. Yineleyici TMU’nun OKB’deki kullanımına ilişkin kanıtlar sınırlıdır. Henüz deneysel bir uygulama olan DBU, son dönemlerde yeti yitimi fazla olan tedaviye yanıtsız hastalarda stereotaktik lezyon oluşturmaya alternatif olarak görülmeye başlanmıştır. Çok şiddetli seyreden tedaviye yanıtsız OKB’de, son çare olarak, anterior kapsülotomi, anterior singulotomi, subkaudat traktotomi ve limbik lökotomiyi içeren stereotaktik lezyon oluşturma uygulamalarına başvurulabilmektedir.
Treatment of resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder
Based on the results of a large number of published randomized controlled trials, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) are regarded as first-line treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). About 40-60% OCD patients do not respond to the treatment with SRIs. For patients who do not respond to their first SRI, it is recommended to switch to a different SRI. Augmentation strategies might be preferred to switching strategies in patients who have had a partial response to the initial SRI treatment. Augmentation is considered after an adequate trial of first-line treatments, including CBT, in treatment-resistant patients. Various evidence supports augmentation of SRIs with atypical antipsychotic medications, including risperidone, aripiprazole, quetiapine or olanzapine. Other augmentation agents include clomipramine, clonazepam, pindolol, clonidine, ondansetron, memantine, N-acetylcysteine, lamotrigine, topiramate, celecoxib. High-dose treatment with SSGI is another available strategy which may be considered. Intravenous clomipramine and citalopram have been shown to lead to a substantial improvement in symptoms in some treatment-resistant patients. Non-pharmacological biological therapies which should be considered after first- and second-line treatments and augmentation strategies in treatment-refractory patients are repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS) and lesional neurosurgery. There is limited evidence regarding the use of rTMS in the treatment of OCD. DBS, which is still an experimental treatment for OCD, has recently become an alternative to the stereotactic lesional procedures in treatment-refractory patients with extremely disabling symptoms. Stereotactic lesional procedures, including anterior capsulotomy, anterior cingulotomy, subcaudate tractotomy and limbic leucotomy, might be considered as a last resort for patients with severe, treatment-refractory OCD.

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