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Yıl:2003; Cilt: 23; Sayı: >> Özet
TAM METİN
Psikoloji Çalışmaları; 2003;23():83-98
A-B A-C Paradigması: Çift-Görev Yürütme İşleminin Kodlama Süreçlerine Etkisi
S Cesur
İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul
A-B, A-C eşlemeli çağrışımsal listeleri öğrenmede B kelimelerinin C kelimelerinden daha iyi hatırlandığı görülür, buna ilklik etkisi denir. Çift-görev yürütme yönteminin kullanıldığı İki deneyi içeren bu çalışmada, A-B, A-C paradigmasında gözlenen ilklik etkisini açıklamak için ileri sürülen, birbirine alternatif, iki kuram karşılaştırıldı: (1) Aracı-süreçler kuramı (Arkes & Lyons, 1979), (2) tek-madde kodlamaya karşın ilişkisel kodlama kuramı (Burns, 1989). A-B, A-C listelerinin kodlama sürecinde ikincil bir görevin yürütülmesinin bu süreçlere yapacağı bozucu etkiyi iki alternatif kuramdan hangisinin daha iyi açıklayabileceği araştırıldı, Deney l'in sonuçları, çift-görev yürütme işleminin hatırlamada görülen ilklik etkisini değiştirmediğini gösterdi. Deney 2'de ilginç bir araştırma deseni kullanıldı. Seri halinde Öğrenilen iki listeden sadece biri (A-B veya A-C) çift-görev koşulunda öğrenildi. Deney 2'nin bulguları sadece A-C listesinin öğrenilmesi sırasında yürütülen ikincil-görevin, dolaylı olarak, tek-görev koşulunda öğrenilen B kelimelerinin hatırlanmasını etkilediğini gösterdi. Kontrol koşulundaki gibi tek-görev koşulunda öğrenilen B kelimelerinin hatırlanmasında anlamlı bir düşüş gözlemlendi. Sonuçlar, A-C kodlamasmda B kelimelerinin, A-C listesiyle ilişkilendirilmek suretiyle, özümlenerek öğrenildiğini öneren Arkes ve Lyons'un aracı-süreçler kuramına güçlü bir destek sağladı. Burns'ün görüşünün araştırma sonuçlarını açıklamada yetersiz kaldığı görüldü.
A -B A- C Paradigm: Dual Task Interference with Encoding Processes
Two alternative theories which offer an explanation for the priority effect observed in A-B A-C paradigm are contrasted in two experiments with different dual task designs: Mediational theory (Arkes & Lyons, 1979) and individual-item versus relational learning account (Burns, 1989). The present study used dual task methodology 'to manipulate the processes that operate in A-B A-C paradigm. Experiment 1 showed that the priority effect was observed both in the single task (control) condition and the dual task conditions. In Experiment 2 a secondary task interfered with on e of the two alternative lists (A-B list or A-C list) while the other list was learned free from the secondary task interference. The results showed that the secondary task interference with learning of A-C list led to a significant reduction in the number of B items recalled, even though the secondary task was not present at the encoding of the A-B list. The present findings supported the mediational theory, which suggests that B items are retained during learning of A-C lists. The Burns account failed to explain the results of the two experiments.

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