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Yıl:2015; Cilt: 1; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Türkiye Klinikleri Çocuk Psikiyatrisi Özel Dergisi; 2015;1(1):12-16
Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Etiyopatogenezi: Beyin Görüntüleme
S Süren
Samsun Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hastanesi, Samsun
Çok sayıda nöropsikolojik, nörokimyasal ve beyin görüntüleme çalışması, DEHB'nin davranışsal ve bilişsel bozulma ile giden nörogelişimsel bir bozukluk olduğunu ve sağlıklı kontrollerle karşılaştırıldığında beyinde yapısal ve fonksiyonel farklılıklar içerdiğini net bir şekilde göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte yapısal ve fonksiyonel beyin disfonksiyonunun altında yatan nöral mekanizmalar günümüzde henüz tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Yapısal Magnetik Rezonans Görüntüleme (yMRG) çalışmaları ile DEHB'li çocuk ve yetişkinlerde toplam beyin hacminde azalma, kortikal kalınlıkta incelme ve beyaz cevher mikro yapısında yaygın bozulmalar olduğu gösterilmiştir. Fonksiyonel MRG çalışmaları ise bilişsel bir görev sırasında veya dinlenim halinde iken fronto-striatal, fronto-parietal, fronto-cerebellar ve frontolimbik alanlarda azalmış aktivasyon olduğuna dair tutarlı kanıtlar sunmuştur. Günümüzde DEHB patofizyolojisi ile ilgili kavramsal anlayış öncelikli olarak frontostriatal alana odaklanan klasik modelden, yaygın dağılım gösteren geniş ölçekli beyin networklerinin disfonksiyonu şeklinde yön değiştirmiştir. Bu anlayış temelinde görüntüleme çalışmalarında giderek artan oranda, beyin networkleri arasındaki bağlantı anormalliklerine odaklanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu gözden geçirme yazısında oldukça geniş hacimli ve giderek artma eğiliminde olan yapısal ve fonksiyonel beyin görüntüleme literatürü özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
Etiopathogenesis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Neuroimaging
Numerous neuropsychological, neurochemistry, and brain imaging studies have clearly demonstrated that ADHD is a psychopathology with behavioral and cognitive impairments and neurodevelopmental disorder often characterized by structural and functional brain differences compared to healthy controls. However, the neural mechanisms underlying specific structural or functional dysfunctions have not yet been defined. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) studies found decreased total brain volume, thinning cortical thickness and diffuse altered white matter microstructure in children and adults with ADHD. Functional MRI (fMRG) studies have provided consistent evidence for fronto-striatal, fronto-parietal, fronto-cerebellar and fronto-limbic deficits in ADHD during tasks of cognitive control and resting state. Recently, the conceptual understanding of ADHD's pathophysiology has shifted from the classical model that focuses on the frontostriatal area to large-scale, widespread dysfunctions in brain networks. Based on this understanding, imaging studies have begun to focus on connection abnormalities. In this review, fairly large volumes and tends to increase growing structural and functional brain imaging literature has been summarized.

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