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Yıl:2015; Cilt: 8; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Türkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri Özel Dergisi; 2015;8(1):68-74
DSM-V Sonrası Sınırsız Toplumsal Katılım Bozukluğu ve Tepkisel Bağlanma Bozukluğu
AG Kılıçoğlu, A Erdoğan
Bakırköy Prof.Dr. Mazhar Osman Ruh Sağlığı ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İstanbul
Bağlanma teorisi çocuğun sosyal gelişimini açıklayan en önemli teorilerden biridir. Bağlanma bozuklukları çocuğun sosyal durumlarda ilişki kurmada bozuklukları olarak tanımlanmaktadır. DSM IV bu bozukluğun etiyolojik olarak bebekliğin ve erken çocukluk döneminde temel fiziksel ve duygusal ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasında yetersizlik ve uygunsuzluk sonucu oluştuğunu belirtir. DSM-IV ve ICD-10'da tanı kriterleri bulunan Tepkisel Bağlanma Bozukluğu (TBB), sosyal olarak ketlenmiş/geri çekilmiş ve sosyal olarak ketlenmemiş olarak iki alt tipe ayrılmıştı. DSM-V'de bu iki rahatsızlık TBB ve Sınırsız Toplumsal Katılım Bozukluğunu (STKB) olarak değerlendirilmeye başlamıştır. Her iki bozuklukta bebeğin-çocuğun seçici bağlanma patternini engelleyen bakım veren ortamda bozulma ve ihmal sonucu geliştiği belirtilmiştir. Her iki bozuklukta da aynı etiyolojik durum görülse de bu iki bozukluk birçok açıdan birbirinden farklılık göstermektedir. Bu iki bozuklukta ortaya çıkan belirtiler, hastalığın gidişi, tedaviye cevap veriş açısından birbirlerinden oldukça farklıdır. Bu çocuklara yardım için bağlanma temelli tedavi ve ebeveyn yaklaşımını içeren bir çok tedavi yöntemi geliştirilmiştir.
Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder After DSM-V
Attachment theory is one of the most influential theories in relation to children's social development. Attachment disorders are described as involving a persistent disturbance in the child's social relatedness that extends across social situations. DSM-IV nosology also ties these disorders etiologically to parental abuse/neglect or to extremes of caregiving, such as children raised in institutions. Two clinical types have been described in DSM-IV and ICD-10: an emotionally withdrawn/inhibited type, in which the child rarely seeks or responds to comfort and fails to demonstrate a preference for a caregiver, and an indiscriminate/disinhibited type, in which the child is oversociable, seeking comfort and affection non-selectively, even from unknown adults, and fails to exhibit expected reticence with unfamiliar adults. In DSM-5, these subtypes are defined as distinct disorders: reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder. Both of these disorders are the result of social neglect or other situations that limit a young child's opportunity to form selective attachments. The two disorders differ in other important ways, including correlates, course, and response to intervention, and for these reasons are considered separate disorders. A number of attachment-based treatment and parenting approaches have been developed that purport to help these children.

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