Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2003; Cilt: 40; Sayı: 3-4>> Özet
TAM METİN
Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi; 2003;40(3-4):64-71
Düşünce bozuklukları
Ö Karaçam, L Tokuçoğlu
Ege Üniversitesi, Sağlık, Kültür ve Spor Daire Bşk., İzmir.
Düşünce bozukluğu, düşünce süreci ve içeriğinde görülen sapmaların tümünü adlandıran genel bir kavramdır. Bu anlamda, sözcüklerin ve kavramların bir araya getirilmesindeki yetersizlikleri tanımlayan düşünce süreci bozukluğu ile sanrılar ve obsesyonlar gibi düşünce içeriğine ilişkin sapmalar, düşünce bozukluğu kavramı içinde yer alırlar. Düşünce bozukluklarının, sadece çevreye uyumu bozan ılımlı türleri yanında, formel düşünce yasalarına ya da mevcut dış gerçekliğe tamamen aykırı özellikler gösteren türleri de vardır. Düşünce bozukluğu kavramının felsefi ve bilimsel bir açıdan değerlendirilişi, çeşitli tarihsel aşamalardan geçmiştir. 17. yüzyılda sanrıların yanlışlığının akıl yürütme biçiminden değil, öncüllerin yanlışlığından kaynaklandığı düşünülmüş, 19. yüzyılda ise yanlış inanç kavramı ön plana geçmiştir. Alman felsefeci ve psikiyatr Karl Jaspers de bu görüşün izini sürmüş ve sanrılara ilişkin olarak günümüzde egemen olan görüşü etkilemiştir. Günümüzde sanrılar konusunda egemen olan iki kuram, güdülenme kuramı ve duyusal yetersizlik kuramıdır. Güdülenme kuramına göre hastalar, ruhsal nedenlerle sanrı oluşturmaya zorlanmakta, duyusal yetersizlik kuramına göreyse normal dışı yaşantıları açıklama gereksinimiyle sanrılar oluşturulmaktadır. Sanrılardaki formel mantık hataları ise bellek sistemindeki birtakım sorunlarla açıklanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Düşünmenin bir zihinsel yeti olması dolayısıyla bilinç, algı, bellek ve duygulanım gibi diğer zihinsel yetilerden ayrı tutulamayacağı açıktır. Kişideki psikopatolojinin şiddetiyle bağlantılı olarak ılımlıdan ağıra dek değişen düzeylerde düşünce bozuklukları ortaya çıkabilmektedir.

Thought Disorder
Thought disorder is a concept that encompasses all the deviations seen in the thought process and thought content. In this sense, thought process disorder that defines problems in bringing together words and concepts and thought content related deviations like delusions and obsessions take place within the concept of thought disorder. Besides its mild forms that disrupt the person’s adaptation, there are also more severe forms of thought disorder that completely contradict with the rules of formal thinking or present external reality. Thought disorder has been conceptualized in different ways throughout its historical development. In the 17th century, delusions were thought to stem from wrong premises, not from wrong reasoning. In the 19th century, it was defined as "wrong beliefs". German philosopher and psychiatrist Karl Jaspers following the "wrong belief" view, and has played an important role in shaping the existing views on thought disorder. The most influential of the current theories of delusion are the motivation and perceptual deficiency theories. According to the motivational theory, psychological causes form the delusions; whereas, according to the perceptual deficiency theory, delusions results from the need to explain the abnormal experiences. Formal logic mistakes in delusions are explained by problems in the memory system. Since thinking is a mental faculty, it can not be considered separately from the other faculties such as consciousness, perception, memory and affect. Thought disorders may range from mild to severe, depending on the severity of the person’s psychopathology.

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