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Yıl:2012; Cilt: 2; Sayı: 2>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2012;2(2):164-174
Psikiyatride kültürel formülasyon
C Cimilli
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir
Evrensel olma iddiasını taşıyan DSM ve ICD tanı sistemleri, yalnızca Batı kültürüne özgü klinik durumları içerdikleri gerekçesiyle eleştirilmektedirler. Çünkü farklı toplumlarda görülen psikiyatrik bozuklukların dışavurum biçimleri, kavramsallaştırılma ve çare arama biçimleri büyük oranda bireyin ait olduğu kültür tarafından belirlenmektedir. Kültür, bir toplumun üyeleri arasında paylaşılan ve kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılan bilgi, değer, anlam ve davranışsal normlar bütünü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Kültürel etmenlerden etkilenen tüm psikiyatrik durumların tanımlanması, tanısı, değerlendirilmesi ve ele alınmasına ilişkin çalışma alanı ise kültürel psikiyatri olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Kültürel psikiyatrinin çağdaş anlayışına göre tüm kültürleri birbirine eşit kabul edilir ve her toplumun içinde varolan heterojeniteye vurgu yapılır. Psikiyatrik bozukluklara kültürün içinden bakan çalışmalar yapılır ve bozukluklar kültürün kendi kavramlarıyla açıklanır. A.B.D. Ulusal Ruh Sağlığı Enstitüsü bünyesinde oluşturulan “Kültür ve Tanı Grubu” kültürel etmenlerin tanı ve tedavi sürecinde değerlendirmeye alınması amacıyla ilk kez DSM-IV’te uygulamaya konan bazı değişiklikler önermiştir. Grubun önerdiği “Kültürel Formülasyon Taslağı” ve “Kültüre Bağlı Sendromlar Sözlüğü” DSM-IV’ün Ekler Bölümüne eklenmiş, bu konudaki yayınlar kaynak kitabına eklenmiş, alan çalışmalarına etnik örneklemler de dahil edilmiştir. Ancak aradaki uzun sürede “Kültürel Formülasyon Taslağı”nın yeterince kullanıma girmediği görülmektedir. Bu durumun klinisyenlerin kültürel bilgi toplama konusunda eğitim almamış olmasından kaynaklandığını düşünen grup üyeleri beş bölümden oluşan taslağın hazırlanmasına yardımcı olmak amacıyla bir kılavuz hazırlamışlardır. Bu yazıda kültürün klinik psikiyatrideki rolü, “Kültürel Formülasyon Taslağı”nın bölümleri ve grup üyeleri tarafından hazırlanan kültürel formülasyon kılavuzu tanıtılmıştır. Bu kılavuzda kültürel formülasyon yapmayı kolaylaştıran genel öneriler, kültürel formülasyonun bileşenleri için hazırlanan sorular ve sunum formatı yer almaktadır.
Cultural formulation in psychiatry
The diagnostic systems which claim to be universal, such as DSM and ICD, have been criticized for being solely consisted of clinical conditions of Western societies. On the other hand, clinical presentations, conceptualizations and help seeking behaviors of psychiatric disorders are greatly determined by the culture of the individual. Culture is defined as a set of information, values, meanings and behavioral norms which are shared among members of a particular society and inherited to subsequent generations. Cultural psychiatry deals with the description, definition, assessment, and management of all psychiatric conditions, inasmuch as they reflect and are subjected to the influence of cultural factors. In contemporary cultural psychiatry cultures are considered equal and heterogeneity in every society is emphasized. Psychiatric conditions are viewed from inside of the culture and conceptualized using original concepts of that particular culture. In USA, “Group on Culture and Diagnosis” of National Institute of Mental Health has proposed some changes which have first taken part in DSM-IV. the “Outline for Cultural Formulation” and “Glossary of Culture-Bound Syndromes” were included in the Appendix, the publications on this issue were added to the Sourcebook and ethnic samples were included in the field trials. Despite being in use for a long time “The Outline for Cultural Formulation” has not been widely utilized by clinicians. The group members, who explain this with the lack of information on the process of collecting cultural information, have prepared a guideline for preparing the outline which is consisted of five sections. In this paper, the role of culture in clinical psychiatry, the sections of the “Outline for Cultural Formulation” and the guideline prepared by the group members were introduced. The guideline consists of general considerations, soggested questions which address the sections of the formulation and the format for presenting a cultural formulation.

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