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Yıl:2012; Cilt: 2; Sayı: 2>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2012;2(2):87-96
Psikiyatrik vaka formülasyonunun genel ilkeleri
EC Atbașoğlu
Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara
Vaka formülasyonu, belli bir hastanın nasıl olup da şimdi ve bu belirtilerle karşımızda bulunduğunu açıklar. Klinik tablonun oluşumunu açıklama, hastaya özgü bir yaklaşım planı yapma ve adli psikiyatrik değerlendirme, vaka formülasyonu gerektirir. Tanı, bir vakanın başka vakalarla ortak özelliklerini bildirir; formülasyonda ise, tanı ile bilimsel bilgi, ancak hastayı diğerlerinden farklı kılan özellikler hesaba katılarak kullanılabilir. Formülasyon, müdahaleyi planlamak, gerektiğinde gözden geçirmek ve meslektaşlara bilgi vermek için, mümkün olduğunca yazıya dökülmelidir. Bu makalede, iyi bir formülasyon için gereken anamnez alma ve muayene ilkeleri gözden geçirilmekte, vaka formülasyonunda sık karşılaşılan güçlükler ile bunların olası nedenleri ele alınarak çözüm önerileri sunulmaktadır. Psikiyatrik formülasyonun anamnez-muayene aşamasında başlayan bir güçlüğü, şiddetli ya da tanımı çok özgül olanlar dışında çoğu belirtinin hastanın öznel yaşantılarının anlaşılıp adlandırılmasını gerektirmesidir. Bundan ötürü, standart belirti sorgulamasına dayalı yapılandırılmış değerlendirmeden beklenen güvenilirlik ve lisan birliği, ancak psikopatoloji bilgisi ve klinik deneyimi olanlar arasında sağlanabilir. Bir başka güçlük, eğitimde sunulan yüklü bilgi ile eleştirel düşünme disiplininin eksikliği arasındaki karşıtlıktan kaynaklanır. Çoğu hekim, tanının mutlak açıklamalar yapmaya yetmeyebileceğini, kanıta dayalı tıbbın dayanağı olan bilimsel bilginin mutlak yasalar değil olasılık hesapları olduğunu, uygulamanın birçok vakada kanıt kadar değer seçimine de dayalı olabileceğini ancak meslekte ilerledikçe fark eder. Danışma olanakları kısıtlı ise, psikiyatrinin tanımından kaynaklanan güçlükler kişisel yetersizliğe bağlanabilir; hekim sezgiciliği ve müphemliği yüceltme ile katı pozitivizm uçları arasında bocalayabilir. İyi bir vaka formülasyonu, görüşme becerilerinin ve kuramsal bilginin yanı sıra, hastaya ve koşullara en uygun açıklama ve müdahale planını seçmek için deneyim, empati becerisi, esneklik ve meslek yaşamı boyunca akrana danışma disiplini gerektirir.
General principles of psychiatric case formulation
Physicians need to build case formulations to explain the current clinical presentation of individual patients, i.e., case formulations address the question of what brought a particular patient to seek for help at the time of the first contact, and they analyze the nature of the complex interplay between the many causal and precipitating factors. While diagnoses refer to the commonalities between patients, case formulations are based on the role of their individual differences, along with diagnoses and relevant scientific knowledge, in shaping the clinical picture. One of the aims of this article is to review the general principles of history taking and examination, which are the initial steps and essential components of a good case formulation. Commonly encountered difficulties in psychiatric case formulation are also mentioned, followed by specific suggestions based on a brief analysis of the methodologic and practical issues underlying them. One common challenge is that the detection and correct classification of many psychiatric symptoms necessitate an understanding of the patient’s subjective experiences. This process cannot be independent from empathy and interpretation, which, however, pose a threat to the objectivity of the assessment in the absence of clinical experience. Few symptoms, only the very specifically defined or very severe ones, may be exempt from the prerequisite of maintaining this delicate balance. One other major challenge the young psychiatrist might face is a dilemma stemming from the contrast between his strictly scientific orientation and the complexity and vagueness of many psychiatric cases. Thus, developing awareness to the disappointingly influential elements of subjectivity and value choice in medical practice is almost always challenging. This may lead to an oscillation between a rigid positivism and an idealization of intuitionism, particularly when supervision is not available. In the final section of the article, elements of a good clinical case formulation are summarized.

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