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Yıl:2014; Cilt: 4; Sayı: 2>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2014;4(2):131-139
Alkol ve madde kullanım bozukluğu tedavisinde kullanılan endikasyon almıș ve almamıș ilaçlar
C Șengül, N Dilbaz
Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli
Bağımlılık, gelişimini ve ortaya çıkışını genetik, psikososyal ve çevresel faktörlerin etkilediği birincil, kronik nörobiyolojik bir hastalıktır. Madde kullanımı üzerinde kontrolü kaybetme, kompulsif kullanım, maddenin zararlarına rağmen kullanımı sürdürme ve aşerme gibi belirtilerin biri ya da birkaçı karakteristik olarak tabloda görülür. Bağımlılık psikofarmakolojisindeki gelişmeler psikiyatrinin diğer alanlarına göre daha yavaş bir seyir göstermiştir. Alkol ve madde bağımlılığı tedavisi uzun süre sadece sosyal ve davranışsal yaklaşımlar ile sürdürülmüştür. Yirminci yüzyılın sonuna kadar madde bağımlılığı tedavisinde sadece birkaç farmakolojik ajan onay alabilmiştir. Bağımlılığın oluşumu ve sürmesini sağlayan nörobiyolojik süreçlerin daha iyi anlaşılmaya başlanmasına paralel olarak farmakolojik tedavi seçeneklerinin sayısı da artmaya başlamıştır. Federal İlaç ve Gıda Dairesi (FDA) alkol ve opiyat bağımlılığı tedavisinde bazı ilaçların kullanımına izin vermiştir. Naltrekson, hem opioid hem de alkol bağımlılığında nüksü önleme tedavisinde kullanılan opiyat reseptörlerine yüksek afinite gösteren yarışmalı opiyat antagonistidir. Akamprosat kalsiyum asetilhomotaurinat yapısında, merkezi sinir sisteminde inhibitör etkiye sahip olan taurin nörotransmitterinin yapısal bir analoğudur. Metadon opiyat reseptör agonistidir, opiyat bağımlılığında maddenin yerine kullanılır. Buprenorfin, parsiyel opiyat agonisti [?, kappa reseptörleri] olan bu ajan düşük dozda metadon benzeri etki, yüksek dozda ise naltrekson benzeri etki göstermektedir. Nörotransmitter ve reseptör düzeyinde artan bilgiler ışığında, özellikle istek ve nükslerin önlenmesi konusunda son dönemlerde pek çok çalışma yapılmakta, farklı bağımlılık tiplerinde kullanılmak üzere birçok farmakolojik ajanın geliştirme çabaları ve tedavi arayışları devam etmektedir. Biz bu makalede alkol ve madde bağımlılığı psikofarmakolojisinde mevcut tedavi seçeneklerini ve geliştirme aşamasında olan ilaçları gözden geçirmeyi amaçladık.
Approved and unapproved drugs in alcohol and substance addiction treatment
Addiction is a primary, chronic, neurobiological disease, with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. It is characterized by behaviors that include one or more of the following: impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving. Developments in the psychopharmacology of addiction were more slowly than other disciplines of psychiatry. Treatment of addictive disorders was made with purely social and behavioral approaches for a long time. Only few pharmacologic agents were approved for addiction treatment until the end of 20th century. Pharmacologic treatment options available for treatment have grown along with our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the development and persistence of addiction. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medications for alcohol and opioid use disorders. Naltrexone is a competitive opiate antagonist which was used for relapse prevention treatment of both opioid and alcohol dependence. Acamprosate (calcium acetylhomotaurinate) is an analogue of taurine neurotransmitter which has inhibitory effects in the central nervous system. Methadone is an opiate receptor antagonist that used instead of the substance in opiate dependence. Buprenorphine is a partial opiate agonist (µ, kappa receptors). At low doses buprenorphine has effects like methadone, but at high doses it behaves like naltrexone. Recently, in the light of increasing information about neurotransmitter and receptors, several studies performed especially about the craving, and relapse prevention. Many other pharmacologic agents for different types of addiction were on research. In this article, we aimed to review the literature on psychopharmacology of addictive disorders and recent developments in this area.

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