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Yıl:2013; Cilt: 3; Sayı: 3>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2013;3(3):251-262
Frontotemporal lobar dejenerasyonun klinik, patolojik ve genetik sınıflandırması: Kısa bir gözden geçirme
Y Ayhan
Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara
Frontotemporal Lobar Dejenerasyon (FTLD) terimi erken yaşta başlayan bilişsel bozulmaların önemli bir sebebi olan bir sendromlar bütününü ifade eder. Başlangıç döneminde beynin ön tarafına sınırlı atrofi ile karakterize bu durum, sonraları ilerleyici dejenerasyon ile seyreder. FTLD temel olarak üç başlık içerir: Frontotemporal Demans - davranış varyantı, Semantik Demans (SD) ve Progresif Akıcı Olmayan Afazi (PNFA). Bv-FTD klinik olarak diğer dejeneratif hastalıklara kıyasla nisbeten genç yaşta duygu, irade, sosyal davranış, cevap kontrolü gibi frontal ve temporal lob ile ilişkilendirilmiş işlevlerin kaybı ile başlarken, SD ve PNFA esas olarak dil yetilerinde kayıp ile belirti verirler. FTLD yalnız klinik açıdan değil, patolojik ve etyolojik açıdan da heterojen bir durumdur. Makroskopik olarak anatomik dejenerasyon klinik ile iyi bir korelasyon gösterirken, mikroskopik bulgular özgül değildir. Histokimyasal boyanma örüntüsüne göre FTLD, mikrotübül ilişkili protein-tau, ubikitin, TDP43 (transactive response DNA binding protein) ve son dönemlerde FUS (fused-in-sarcoma) pozitif gruplar olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Farklı klinik sendromlarda farklı histopatolojik boyanma örüntüsü olabilir. Ancak belli mikroskopik örüntüler farklı klinik sendromların gelişimi ile daha çok ilişkilendirilmiştir. FTLD hastalarının önemli bir kısmında genetik etmenler rol oynar. Farklı FTLD sendromlarının görüldüğü bazı geniş ailelerin incelenmesi Mendelian geçiş örüntüsü gösteren gen mutasyonlarının tespitine yol açmıştır. Bu genlerin bir çoğu da birbiri ile örtüşen klinik sendromlara neden olarak FTLD’nin değişkenliğine katkıda bulunurlar. Özellikle son 10 senede farklı genlerin ve histopatolojik belirteçlerin tespiti FTLD’nin anlaşılmasında anlamlı katkı sağlamış ve temel sınıflandırmalar ve ölçütlerde önemli değişikliklere neden olmuştur. Bu kısa gözden geçirmede FTLD hakkındaki temel kavramlardan güncel haliyle bahsedilecek, klinik sendromlar hakkında kısaca bilgi verilecek, patolojik ve genetik arkaplan özetlenecektir.
Clinical, pathological and genetic classification of frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a short review
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration constitutes of a variety of syndromes which represent an important cause of early onset cognitive decline. The condition, characterized by the anterior atrophy at the onset, later continues with a progressive degeneration. FTLD mainly includes three conditions: behavioral variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bf-FTD), Semantic Dementia (SD) and Progressive Nonfluent Aphasia (PNFA). Bv-FTD starts at a relatively young age compared to other degenerative dementias, and presents with a loss of functioning in different cognitive domains associated with frontal and temporal lobes such as emotion, will, social behavior and response control. On the other hand, SD and PNFA starts with the loss of specific language abilities. FTLD is not only clinically but also pathologically and etiologically heterogenous disorder. The pattern of anatomic degeneration shows good clinicopathologic correlation but microscopic findings are not specific. Microscopically, FTLD can be classified according to histochemical staining patterns, namely to their positive staining to microtubule associated protein-tau, ubiquitin, TDP43 (transactive response DNA binding protein), and recently FUS (fused-insarcoma). Different clinical syndromes may have different staining patterns, but some were more associated with a specific clinical syndrome. In a substantial amount of FTLD patients, specific genetic factors may be important. Evaluation of large families with different forms of FTLD allowed the detection of Mendelian inherited genetic mutations. Most of these genes may cause overlapping clinical syndromes and contribute to the heterogenetiy of the disorder. Discovery of different genes and histopathological markers let the researchers better understand FTLD and caused significant changes in classification and diagnostic criteria. In this short review, current basic concepts will be introduced, the clinical syndromes will be mentioned and pathological and genetic background of the disorder will be summarized.

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