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Yıl:2011; Cilt: 21; Sayı: 1>> Özet
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Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni; 2011;21(1):1-6
Majör depresif bozuklukta glutamat N-metil-D-aspartat reseptörlerinin ötesi: mTOR sinyal yolağı
B Karolewicz, M Cetin, F Aricioglu
Marmara University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Istanbul-Turkey
Serotonin ve/veya noradrenalin üzerinden etki yapan geleneksel antidepresanlar depresif hastaların yaklasık yarısında etkisiz kalmakta ve etkin olmaları durumunda da etkilerinin başlaması geç olmaktadır. Glutamaterjik sistemin majör depresif bozukluğun nöropatolojisinde ve tedavisinde önemli rol oynadığına dair kanıtlar giderek artmaktadır. Yakın zamanda ketaminin tek doz uygulanmasıyla hızlı ve uzun süren antidepresan etki sağladığı gösterilmiştir. Ketamin, glutamat ile taşınan sinirsel iletiyi alan N-metil-D-aspartat reseptörlerini (NMDARs) bloke eden, insan ve hayvanda anestezik olarak kullanılan bir ilaçtır. Çok yakın zamanda Yale Üniversitesi'nde yapılan ve Science dergisinin Ağustos sayısında yayınlanan bir çalışmada ketaminin etki mekanizması tam olarak aydınlatılmıştır. Sıçanlarda yapılan çalışmalarda temel bilimciler ketaminin sinirlerde sinyal iletimini sağlayan bir çok yolaktan biri olan ?rapamisinin memelilerdeki hedefi? diye adlandırılan [?mammalian target of rapamycin? (mTOR)] yolağı hızla aktive ettiğini göstermişlerdir. Bu yeni yaklaşım depresyon tedavisinde devrim olarak yorumlanabilir ve antidepresan ilaç geliştirilmesinde yeni terapötik hedeşere yol açabilir.
Beyond the glutamate N-methyl D-aspartate receptor in major depressive disorder: the mTOR signaling pathway
Conventional antidepressants acting through serotonin and/or noradrenaline fail to help about half of depressed patients and even when effective, they have a delayed onset of therapeutic response. Accumulating evidence suggests that the glutamatergic system plays an important role in the neuropathology and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Recently it has been shown that ketamine has a rapid and long lasting antidepressant activity after a single dose. Ketamine has been used as a human and animal anesthetic. It acts on the human brain by blocking the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), which receive nerve signals carried by glutamate; however, in a very recent Yale University study, published in the August issue of Science, the exact mechanism of ketamine's action has been identified. In studies with rats, basic researchers demonstrated that ketamine rapidly activates the so called ?mammalian target of rapamycin? (mTOR) pathway, one of many such pathways that perform signal transduction in neurons. This new approach may be a revolutionary break-through in the treatment of depression and it might lead to novel therapeutic targets for antidepressant drug development.

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