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Yıl:2010; Cilt: 2; Sayı: 3>> Özet
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Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar; 2010;2(3):318-332
Tıbbi Hastalıklarda Depresyon: Tanısal Sorunlar
MH Boztaş, Ö Arısoy
Abant İzzet Baysal Üniv. Tıp Fakültesi
Depresyonla ilgili bulgular genel hastane bașvurularında yaygındır ve hastane içi
konsültasyonların en sık nedenidir. Tıbbi hastalıklar ve depresyon birlikteliği düșük
gelirli, eğitime ulașımı sınırlı, sosyal güvence sorunu olan, ișsiz, boșanmıș zor sosyoekonomik
koșullarda yașayan insanlarda sıktır. Bu özellikler hastalıkla ilișkili
grubu tanıma ve tedavide zorluklar içerir. Sağlık hizmetine ulașımda zorluk
olduğunda tıbbi hastalıkların oranları artabilir. Kișinin içerisinde bulunduğu depresif
duygudurum sağlık hizmetine ulașım istemini azaltabilir. Öte yandan bir biçimde
tıbbi yardım arayan hastaların önemli bir kısmı sağlık çalıșanları tarafından
fark edilememektedir. Major depresyonu tıbbi hastalığı olan grupta
değerlendirmek oldukça güçtür. Çünkü birincisi hasta olmak, hastanede yatmak,
çalıșamamak, ișlev kaybı, sosyal rollerde bir değișim yapar ve bu yas sürecine benzer
sorunlar ortaya koyar. Bu durumlardaki bulgular depresyondaki bulgulara çok
benzer. İkincisi major depresyon tanısı koymak için kullanılan vejetatif ya da somatik
bulgular fiziksel hastalığın sonucu olabilir. Bu tanısal karmașa tıbbi hastalıklarda
görülen depresyon çalıșmalarına da yansımıștır. Örneğin böbrek hastalarında
yapılan çalıșmalarda depresyon oranları % 0-100 arasında değișmektedir. Gerçektende
birçok kronik tıbbi durumlardaki bulgularla depresyon bulgularının
örtüșmesi araștırıcılar için en önemli sorunlardan biri olarak görülmektedir. Literatürdeki
tıbbi hastalıklarda depresyon oranlarındaki farklılıkların yukarıda
sayılanlardan bașka nedenleri de vardır. Tanı sistemlerinin yıllar boyunca değișimi,
depresyon değerlendirmesi için farklı araçlar kullanılması, daha da önemlisi standardize
edilmemiș topluluklarla çalıșılması farklılık yaratabilir. Depresyonun sıklık
oranları demografik özelliklerden, tıbbi hastalığın tipinden, ciddiyetinden,
süreğenliğinden etkilenmiș olabilir. Tanı sıklıkları arasındaki büyük farklılık tanıların
ve tanı koyma araçlarının güvenirliği konusunda soru ișaretleri ortaya
çıkarmaktadır. Psikiyatride sınıflandırma sistemlerinin tanı aracı olarak kullanılması
psikiyatrik tanıların standardize hale gelmesini sağlamıștır. Ancak tanı koyma
yöntemlerinin getirdiği sorunlar tıbbi hastalıklar gibi özel gruplarda henüz
çözümlenememiștir. Tartıșmalar çalıșmalarda tanıların hem geçerliliği hem de
güvenilirliği sorununun sürdüğünü göstermektedir. Tıbbi hastalıklarda depresyon
tanısı koymak için eșik altı belirtilerin klinik önemi, eștanı tartıșmalarının tanısal
sürece etkisi, genel tıbbi duruma bağlı depresyon kararı ve klinik olarak anlamlı
derecede bozulma kararının klinisyenler arasında farklılık göstermesi gibi önemli
noktaların araștırılması bu tanı grubu ile ilgili șüphelerin ortadan kalkmasına
yardımcı olacaktır.
Depression in Medical Disorders: Diagnostic Problems
Depressive symptoms are very common among referrals to general hospital and
comprise the most frequent cause for psychiatric consultation. Comorbidity of
medical and psychiatric disorders are common among uneducated, unemployed
people with low income. These conditions make it difficult to recognize and treat
such patient group. The prevalence of medical disorders increase when there is a
difficulty in reaching health services. The depressive mood may decrease the person’s
willingness to access health service. Additionally, the problems in most of the
people seeking for medical help are not recognized by the health providers. It is
quiet difficult to diagnose depression in patients with medical disorders. Being sick,
being in an hospital, inability to work, loss of functionality lead to a change in social
roles which may cause mourning-like symptoms, symptoms quite similar to depression’s.
Besides, vegetative and somatic symptoms used for the diagnosis of
depression can be direct consequences of the medical disorder itself. Thus such
phenomenological signs and symptoms are suggested not to be considered as
sufficient criteria for a diagnosis of depression among patients with medical disorder.
This diagnostic complexity is also reflected in the studies searching for depression
prevalence in medical disorders. For instance, the prevalence of depression
ranges between 0% to 100% among renal patients. The physical signs and
symptoms of medical conditions can overlap with the symptoms of depression and
this overlap stands as one of the major diagnostic challenge for researchers. There
are several other reasons that might explain the discrepancies in depression prevalence
among patients with medical disorders such as changes in diagnostic criteria
over time, use of different diagnostic scales for depression, and studying the prevalence
of depression in non-standardized populations. Depression prevalence is
affected from demographic variables, type, severity and chronicity of comorbid
medical disorder. The differences in the prevalence rates brings questions about
reliability and validity of diagnostic tools used. Though using DSM and ICD as
diagnostic tools have standardized the psychiatric diagnosis in many ways, there
still remains some difficulties for reaching valid psychiatric diagnosis among patients
with medical disorders. Controversies and discussions about reliability and
validity problem in this issue still continues. Subclinical depressive symptoms in
medical disorders, effect of comorbidity on the diagnostic process and lower interobserver
agreement rates for the diagnosis of depression due to a general medical
condition are among several factors that should be carefully investigated to overcome
these problems.

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