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Yıl:2009; Cilt: 1; Sayı: 2>> Özet
Geriatri ve Geriatrik Nöropsikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;1(2):33-38
Unutkanlığı Olan Yaşlıya Yaklaşım
AT Işık
GATA Geriatri BD, Ankara
Unutkanlık ve hafıza fonksiyonlarında azalma, yaşlılarda oldukça sık görülen yakınmalardır. Toplum temelli çalışmalarda, yaşlılardaki hafıza ile ilgili yakınmaların prevalansının %25-50 arasında olduğu saptanmıştır. Hekim için, yaşlı bireydeki unutkanlığın normal yaşlanma sürecine mi bağlı olduğu, yoksa demansın öncü belirtisi mi olduğuna karar vermek zordur. Bir unutkanlığın demans sendromuna ait bir bulgu olabilmesi için, bilinç bozukluğu olmayan bir kişide kognitif alanlardan (öğrenme, bellek, oryantasyon, dil fonksiyonları ve kişilik) en az birinde bozulmanın unutkanlığa eşlik etmesi gerekmektedir. Hafif kognitif bozukluk normal unutkanlık ve demans arasındaki bir tablodur. En az bir kognitif alanda (genellikle bellek) normalin altı düzeye gerileme vardır. Demans sendromu saptanan olgularda, başlangıç olarak Alzheimer hastalığı (tüm demansların %60-80'i ) hemen akla gelmeli, ancak bu tanının depresyon, Lewy cisimcikli demans, vasküler demanslar, frontal lob demansları ile ayrımının yapılması gerekir. Bu nörodejeneratif hastalıklar dışında çeşitli sistemik metabolik hastalıklar da demansa neden olabilmektedir. Bu gruptaki olgular tüm demanslıların %10-15'i ni oluşturmaktadırlar ve tanı ile birlikte tedavi şansının olması sebebiyle önem arz etmektedirler. Yaşlılarda unutkanlığa neden olan bu tabloların ayırımının yapılabilmesi için, hasta ve ailesinden alınan ayrıntılı bir anamnez, fiziksel ve nörolojik muayene, rutin laboratuar ve özel tetkikleri içerisinde barındıran psikomedikososyal bir yaklaşım olan, ayrıntılı geriatrik değerlendirme yapılması gereklidir.
Approach to the Elderly Patient with Forgetfulness
Forgetfulness and decreasing in memory function are considerably common complaints in elderly. In population based studies, the prevalence of complaints related to memory was determined as 25-50%. Making a decision to whether forgetfulness is associated with normal aging process, or is a precursor sign for dementia, is difficult for doctor. When we need to determine, if it is dementia, at least one cognitive defect (memory, personality, learning, orientation, [language] function) must accompany to forgetfulness without impairment of consciousness in patient. Mild cognitive impairment is considered a transitional state between normal forgetfulness and dementia. At least one cognitive domain, usually memory, is below normal. At the beginning, Alzheimer disease (about 60-80% of all dementia syndromes) must come to mind for patients with dementia, but this diagnosis must be distinguished with depression, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, and frontal lobe dementia. Other than neurodegenerative disorders, a variety of systemic metabolic impairments causing to dementia (constituting of 10-15% of dementia) are important, because many are reversible. To distinguish the conditions causing to dementia in elderly, comprehensive geriatric assessment including detailed medical history from patient and family, physical and neurologic examinations, routine laboratory, and special techniques, must be done.

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