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Yıl:2009; Cilt: 10; Sayı: Ek 2>> Özet
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;10(Ek 2):54-55
Popüler kültür, popüler dindarlık: Türk toplumunda türbe fenomeni üzerine psikososyolojik bir araştırma
A Köse, AU Mehmedoğlu, A Ayten
Marmara University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Psychology of Religion, Istanbul
Popüler dindarlık, kaynağını kitabi dinden ve halkın tarihsel kültürel birikiminden alan; bireylerin hayal dünyasından ve dini anlamlandırma biçimlerinden unsurlar da taşıyan, kitabi dinle birlikte var olan bir dini yaşama biçimidir. Bu çerçevede türbeler, popüler dindarlığın en canlı şekilde sergilendiği yerlerdir. Türkiye’nin gerek kırsal, gerekse kentsel bölgelerinde popüler dindarlığın bu unsurlarını görmek her zaman olası olmuştur. 2000 yılında yapılan bir araştırmaya göre, Türk halkının yüzde 52’si türbe ziyareti yaptığını belirtmiştir.

Popüler dindarlığı, türbe fenomeni ekseninde inceleyen bu çalışmada, türbe ziyareti olgusu öncelikle psikososyal yaklaşımlar bağlamında ele alınmış, anket ve gözlem tekniklerinden yararlanılarak Türk halkının “türbeleri ziyaret nedenleri, türbelerde yaptıkları ritüeller ve dilek-ler, tıbbi çaresizliklerin türbe ziyaretini nasıl etki-lediği” sorularına yanıt aranmıştır. Ampirik araştırma, Türkiye genelinde yedi bölgeyi, 23 ili ve 30 türbeyi kapsamaktadır. Anket, 2008 yılı boyunca her türbede yaklaşık 100 kişi olmak üzere toplam 3003 kişiye uygulanmıştır.

Araştırmada, bulgular ışığında ulaşılan sonuçlar ve değerlendirmeler şunlardır:

- Türk halkı, daha çok dua edip dilekte bulun-mak için türbeleri ziyaret etmektedir (74%). Ziyaretçiler, mutlu ve huzurlu oldukları zamanlardan çok, sıkıntılı ve huzursuz oldukları zamanlarda türbeleri ziyaret etmektedir.

- İnsanlar, türbe ziyaretlerini dinsel inançlarının bir gereği gibi algılamakta, bu nedenle kutsal bilinen bir yerde bulunma arzusuyla hareket etmektedir.

- Türbelerin kutsallaştırılması ve türbe ziyareti sırasında yapılan ritüeller toplumun sosyal yapısından izler taşır.

- Türbeler aracılığıyla Türk toplumu kendi tarihinin tanıklığını yapmakta, geçmişi yeniden anlamlandırmaktadır. Türbelerin varlığı milli kimlik yapısının gerçekleşmesine katkı sağla-maktadır.

- Türk halkının türbe ziyaretlerinde, Allah’ın huzuruna “hatırı sayılır” bir aracı ile çıkma temsilinin etkisi vardır.

- Ziyaretçilerin önemli bir kısmı “hastalık veya sıkıntılara çare bulmak” için, çoğunlukla da tıbbi çaresizlik duygusuyla türbeye gitmektedir.

- Ev, araba, iş sahibi olmak, sınavı kazanmak, evlenebilmek gibi geleceğe yönelik istekler için ve var olan sorunları aşma amacıyla türbeler ziyaret edilmektedir. İnsanlar yaşamın olumsuzluklarını aşmak veya gelecek kaygısını yenmek için maddi çabanın yanı sıra, manevi çaba da göstermek ister. Böylece kişi başına gelenleri, yani kaderini kutsal atıfla anlamlandırır.

- Türbeye giderek dilekte bulunmak kişileri rahatlamaktadır. Çünkü dilekte bulunarak kişi, istediği şeyin gerçekleşmesi için kendisine biraz daha süre tanır ve ümitsizlik duygusunu engeller; derdini anlatma, hatta iletişim kurma duygusu yaşar. Belki kimselere anlatamadığı dertlerini birisine anlatabildiğini düşünerek rahatlar. Kendisine bir tür “Güzin Abla” bulduğunu hisseder.
Popular culture, popular religiosity: a psychosocial study of shrine visiting in Turkey
This paper presents the outcome of a field study of shrine-visiting based on 3.003 questionnaires and interviews carried out in 30 shrines in 23 cities throughout Turkey. The study is a pioneering one in that it examines the phenomena of shrine-visiting from psychosociological point of view. It seeks to find answers to four basic categorical questions: 1) Socio-demographic strata of visitors, 2) Reasons and motivations to visit, 3) Types of rituals performed in shrines, 4) Level of religious perfor-mance and knowledge. The paper also deals with relationship between religion and mental health focusing on the contribution of petitionary-prayers to religious coping.

Some of the outcomes of the present study can be outlined as follows:

- Turkish people go to shrines for petitionary prayers mostly (74%). They do visit shrines in times of distress rather than in times of happiness.

- Attributing holiness to shrines and the rituals performed give an idea about social structure of the society. It seems that visitors take a given social structure attributed to shrines as real.

- Turkish people bear witness to their own history through shrine-visiting and find meaning in history.

- The popularity of shrines comes from the belief that saints buried in shrines are believed to be intercessors between visitors and God.

- It is quite common for those in bad health both bodily and spiritually, distressed, deprived, disabled, and stricken ones to visit shrines.

- Another group of visitors can be classified as those who wish to have a house or a car, to pass an exam, and to get married, etc.

- When people face a problem they do what they can do physically or materially to overcome that problem, but they also want to do something spiritual. So, shrine-visiting meets such a need.

- Shrine-visiting relieves one in mind, body, and spirit. It relives one psychologically as it respites and gives the feeling of not being disillusioned with presently unwanted condition. One keeps hope for the future. Shrine-visiting also gives one the feeling that s/he poured out his/her problems to a confidant.

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