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Yıl:2005; Cilt: 18; Sayı: 1>> Özet
TAM METİN
Düşünen Adam: Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi; 2005;18(1):13-20
Şizofreni ve sigara bağımlılığı
Ç Karşıdağ, N Alpay, A Kocabıyık
Amaç: Sigara kullanımı halen ABD'de en büyük önlenebilir hastalık ve ölüm nedenidir. Tütün Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından da tanımlandığı üzere ruhsal ve davranışsal bozukluklara yol açan bir psikoaktif maddedir. Toplumun sadece % 1'i şizofreni hastalığına sahip olmasına rağmen şizofren bireylerde nikotin bağımlılığı yaygınlığı oldukça yüksektir (% 58-92). Sigaranın, belki de antipsikotiklerin kan seviyelerini azaltmak suretiyle, pozitif ve negatif belirtiler, bilişsel yetenekler ya da ekstrapiramidal yan etkiler üzerine olumlu etkileri olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada hastanemizde yatarak tedavi görmüş 502 şizofreni hastasının tıbbi yatış dosyası incelenmiş, sigara kullanımı ile hastaların bu bağımlılıktan nasıl etkilendiği araştırılmıştır.
Bulgular: Sigara kullanımı ile hastaların yatış sayısı arasındaki ilişkiye bakıldığında sigara kullanan hastaların kullanmayandan 2-6 kat daha fazla yatışının olduğu saptanmıştır. Sigara kullana grupta, birlikte alkol kötüye kullanımı-bağımlılığı 3-4 kez, madde kötüye kullanımı-bağımlılığı ise kullanmayan gruptan 5 kez daha fazla sık olduğu bulunmuştur.
Sonuç: Bu bulguya dayanarak sigara kullanan hastalardaki psikopatoloji düzeyinin daha ağır olduğunu veya sigaranın bizzat psikopatolojiyi arttırdığını söyleyebiliriz.
Schizophrenia and Cigarette Dependence
Objective: Cigarette smoking remains the greatest preventable cause of death and disease in the United States. Tobacco is defined as a psychoactive substance causing mental and behavioural disease by World Health Organisation. Only about 1% of the population is affected by schizophrenia, but the prevalence of nicotine dependence among schizophrenic patients is very high (58 %-92 %). It has been suggested that, cigarette has beneficial effects on positive and negative symptoms, cognitive skills and extrapyramidal side effects via reducing antipsychotic blood levels.
Methods: In this study it was evaluated previous hospitalisation records of 502 patients with schizophrenia, and was investigated that how patiens affected of this dependence.
Results: The number of hospitalisation in cigarette smoker group were 2-6 times more than the non smoker group. In cigarette smoking group, it was found that comorbid alcohol abuse or dependence was 3-4 times, comorbid substance abuse or dependence was 5 times more then non-smokers.
Conclusions: This finding may suggest that the smoker group has more severe psychopatology or cigarette smoking worsens the psychopatology by itself.


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