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Yıl:2009; Cilt: 19; Sayı: 1>> Özet
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Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni; 2009;19(1):15-23
Elektrokonvülzif tedavide propofol ile propofol remifentanil kombinasyonun nöbet süresi ve hemodinami üzerine etkisi
A Algül, H Şen, MA Ateş, T Yen, O Durmaz, S Özkan, C Başoğlu, ÜB Semiz, S Ebrinç, G Dağlı, M Çetin
GATA Haydarpaşa Eğitim Hastanesi, Psikiyatri Servisi, İstanbul-Türkiye
Amaç: Elektrokonvüzif tedavi (EKT) ciddi psikiyatrik bozuklukların tedavisinde etkili ve belirgin yan etkisi olmayan bir tedavi yöntemidir. EKT’nin etkinliği, nöbet süresinin uzunluğu ve nöbet eşiğinin üzerindeki stimulus dozu ile ilişkilidir. Modern EKT’de 25 saniyelik nöbet süresi standart olarak kabul edilmekte ve daha kısa nöbet süreleri klinik sonuçların olumsuz olması ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. EKT’de anestezi için kullanılan ideal hipnotik ilacın yarılanma ömrünün kısa olması, nöbet süresini ve kalitesini etkilememesi ve hemodinamik dengeyi bozmaması gereklidir. Bu çalışmada, EKT uygulanacak hastaların anestezilerinde propofol ile propofol remifentanil kombinasyonunun nöbet süresine ve hemodinamik verilerin etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Tedaviye dirençli major depresyon ve şizofreni tanısı konulan, yaşları 20 ile 30 arasında olan 20 erkek hasta çalışmaya alındı. İşlem odasına alınan tüm hastalara standart olarak kalp atım hızı (KAH), sistolik arter basıncı (SAB), diastolik arter basıncı (DAB), ortalama arter basıncı (OAB), periferik oksijen saturasyonu (SpO2), bispektral index (BİS) ve elektroensefalografi (EEG) monitorizasyonu yapıldı. Randomize çift kör yöntemle hastalar propofol-remifentanil grubu (PR grubu, n:10) ve propofol (P grubu, n:10) grubu olarak iki gruba ayrıldı. Her hastaya 5 EKT uygulandı. PR grubundaki hastalara 50 ve P grubundakilere 50 olmak üzere toplam 100 EKT uygulaması değerlendirildi. PR grubuna 1 mcg/kg remifentanil, 30-60 sn içinde bolus olarak iv yapıldı, P grubuna da aynı miktarda serum fizyolojik yapıldı ve devamında tüm hastalara BİS değeri 60 oluncaya kadar propofol infüzyonu yapıldı. Kas gevşemesi sağlamak için 1 mg/kg süksinilkolin iv verildi. Anestezi öncesi, EKT öncesi, 1., 3., 5., 7. ve 10. dakikalarda olmak üzere SAB, DAB, OAB, KAH, SpO2 kaydedildi. Konvülsiyon süresi, manşeton uygulanan koldaki kasılmanın süresi ve EEG ile kaydedilen nöbet aktivitesi ile ölçüldü. Anestezi süresi, BİS değerin 60 olmasını müteakip hastanın sözel uyarana cevap vermesine kadar geçen süre olarak tanımlandı ve kayıt edildi. Bulgular: Gruplar arası yaş, boy ve kilo arasında fark saptanmadı. Anestezi öncesi, EKT öncesi, 1, 3, 5, 7 ve 10. dakikalarda ölçülen SAB, DAB, OAB, KAH, SpO2 da 5 EKT uygulamasında da PR ve P grubu arasında anlamlı fark saptanmadı. Hem koldan, hem de EEG kaydı ile ölçülen konvülsiyon süresi PR grubunda anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti. Anestezi süresinin PR grubunda daha yüksek olduğu tespit edildi. Kullanılan propofol miktarları ise, 5 EKT uygulamasında da PR grubunda P grubuna göre anlamlı olarak düşüktü. Sonuç: EKT için uygulanan anestezi tekniğinde daha düşük dozda propofol kullanılması propofol’ün nöbet süresini kısaltan etkisini dengelemektedir. Remifentanil, propofol dozu azaltılmış olmasına rağmen hemodinamide belirgin bir değişikliğe yol açmamaktadır. Remifentanil’in bu etkileri, özellikle nöbet süresi kısa olan hastalar için göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır.
Propofol versus propofol-remifentanil combination anaesthesia in electroconvulsive therapy: Effects on seizure duration and hemodynamics
Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment of severe psychiatric disorders and has a favorable side effect profile. The efficacy of ECT is related to seizure duration and to the relative stimulus dosage above seizure threshold. Seizure duration of 25 seconds is considered to be the norm in modern ECT, although a definite correlation between seizure duration and clinical outcome remains to be demonstrated. Short seizures are considered negative predictors of outcome. The ideal hypnotic agent for ECT anesthesia should have a short half-life, not interfere with seizure duration and quality, and guarantee the patient's hemodynamic stability. We aimed to investigate the effects of propofol and propofol remifentanil combination to seizure duration and hemodynamic outcomes in ECT treatment. Material and Method: Twenty patients diagnosed with treatment resistant major depressive disorder and schizophrenia were included in this study. Heart rate (HR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), and bispectral index (BIS) were measured and electroencephalograph was monitored in all patients. Patients were randomized into two groups as propofol remifentanil group (PR, n=10) and propofol group (P, n=10) in a double-blind design. Fifty ECT for each group and a total of 100 ECT were evaluated. 1 mcg/kg remifentanil infused in 30-60 second in group PR and same dose isotonic solution infused to group P. Propofol infusion applied to all patients subsequently up to BIS rate becoming 60. Succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) infusion used for muscular relaxation. All referred values (HR, SAP, DAP, MAP and SpO2) were recorded before anaesthesia and during 1, 3, 5, 7, 10th. Minutes of anesthesia. Seizure duration was measured by contraction time (i.e., duration of motor seizure) at isolated arm and seizure activity was recorded by EEG (i.e., duration of EEG seizure). Anaesthesia duration was defined as the time between BIS rate becoming 60 and reaction to verbal stimulation. Results: There was no significant difference between two groups in age, height, and weight (p>0.05). The differences in SAP, DAP, MAP, HR, and SpO2 measures before anaesthesia, before ECT, and after ECT were not significant between two groups (p>0.05). Seizure durations in isolated arms and EEG records were longer in PR group (p<0.001 for both). Mean anaesthesia period was longer in group PR (p<0.001) than grup P. Propofol doses were remarkably lower in all 5 ECT sessions in group PR (p<0.001). Conclusion: Lower doses of propofol usage during anaesthesia in ECT applications may moderate the shortening effect of propofol of seizure duration. Remifentanil did not cause a clear hemodynamic change even with lower doses of propofol. Thus remifentanil may be an augmentation choice in ECT for patients with short seizure duration.

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