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Yıl:1995; Cilt: 3; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji (3P) Dergisi; 1995;3(1):21-27
Başarı ve başarısızlıklara yapılan nedensel yüklemelerin izlenimler üzerindeki etkisi
A Gültekin
TED Rehberlik Servisi, Ankara
Amaç: Bu çalışma, ilkinde bireylerin başarı/ başarısızlıklarını yetenek, çaba ve şans etkenlerinden hangisi ile açıklamayı daha fazla tercih ettiklerini; ikincisinde ise başarı/başarısızlıklarını bu üç etkenden hangisi ile açıkladıkları takdirde diğer insanlar üzerinde daha olumlu bir izlenim bırakacaklarını belirlemek amacıyla yürütülen iki araştırmadan oluşmuştur. Yöntem: Bu amaçla ilk araştırmada 108 (54 kız-54 erkek) üniversite öğrencisi deneke yetenek, çaba ve şans etkenleri nedeniyle başarılı veya başarısız olan bireyler hakkında bilgiler verilerek, bu kişilerin yerinde olmayı ne ölçüde tercih edeceklerini 7 basamaklı ölçekler üzerinde belirtmeleri istenmiştir. İkinci araştırmada ise, 260 (130 kız-130 erkek) üniversite öğrencisi denek başarı/ başarısızlıklarını bu üç etkenden her biri ile açıklayan bireyler hakkında oluşturdukları ilk izlenimleri ve bu bireylerle iş arkadaşı olmayı ne ölçüde tercih edeceklerini yine 7 basamaklı ölçekler üzerinde belirtmişlerdir. Bu amaçlarla toplanan veriler, 2 (cinsiyet: kız-erkek)x 3 (nedensel etken: yetenek-çaba-ans) x 2 (sonuç: başarı-başarısızlık) faktörlü, ikinci faktörde tekrar ölçümlü araştırma desenine uygun varyans analizi tekniği ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: İlk araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular deneklerin genel olarak başarılarını yetenek, başarısızlıklarını ise şans etkeni ile açıklamayı daha fazla tercih ettiklerini göstermiştir. Ancak, başarı koşulunda cinsiyete bağlı bir farklılık ortaya çıkmış, kız deneklerin yeteneği erkek deneklerin ise çabayı ilk sırada tercih ettikleri gözlenmiştir. İkinci araştırmanın bulguları ise, başarı koşulunda sonucu gösterdiği çaba ile açıklayan birey hakkında oluşan ilk izlenimin sonucu yetenek ve şansı ile açıklayan birey hakkında oluşan ilk izlenimlerden daha olumlu olduğunu göstermiştir. Benzer şekilde, başarısızlığını çaba eksikliği ile açıklayan birey hakkında oluşan ilk izlenim, yetenek eksikliği ve şanssızlığı ile açıklayan bireyler hakkında oluşan izlenimin, sonucu yetenek ve şansı ile açıklayan birey hakkında oluşan ilk izlenimlerden daha olumlu olmuştur. Tartışma: her iki araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular, ilgili litaratürün ışığı altında tartışılmıştır.
Effects of causal attribution to success or failure to impression formation
Objective: Two studies were carried out to investigate individuals preferences to attribute their success and failure to ability, effort and luck; and the effect of attributing success and failure to each of these factors on the impression created on others. Method: In study I, 108 subjects were given short stories about six hypothhetical persons who either succeeded or failed as a result of ability or effort or luck and were asked to indicate on 7points scales the degree to which they would preferred to be eaceh of them. In study II, 260 subjects were again given short stories about six hypothetical persons who explained their job success or failure either by ability or effort or luck and were asked to rate their first impressions of these persons on 7 point scales. The data were analysed using the Anova appropriate for 2 (sex: female-male)x 3 (attributional factors: ability-effort-luck) 2 (outcome: success-failure) factoral design with repeared measures on the second factor in both studies. Results: The results of Study I showed that subjects preferred to attiribute success to ability and failure to luck. A theree way interaction of outcome x attributional factors x sex was also observed indicating that male subjects preferred to attribute their success to effort most while female subjects preferred to explain their success with ability. Ihe results of Study II indicated that those who attribute their success to effort and those who attribute their failure to of effort create better impressions on others. Conclusions: The results of both Study I and Study II were discussed in the light of the literature.

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