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Yıl:2007; Cilt: 45; Sayı: 3>> Özet
TAM METİN
Yeni Symposium; 2007;45(3):99-106
Antenatal Dönemde Steroidlerin Fötal Beyin Üzerine Etkileri ve Psikiyatrik Sonuçları
K Karabekiroğlu
Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk Psikiyatrisi AD
Bu yazıda antenatal dönemde yüksek düzey eksojen veya endojen steroide mâruz kalmanın fötal
beyin bölgeleri üzerine etkileri ve psikiyatrik morbidite açısından uzun dönemdeki sonuçları gözden
geçirilmiştir. Steroid hormonları özellikle antenatal dönemde beyin gelişiminde, özellikle akson
ve dendritlerin yeniden yapılanmasında, hücrelerin hayatta kalışında, nöronal hücrelerin büyümesi,
farklılaşması, birbirleri arasındaki iletişiminde de önemli rol alırlar. Ancak özellikle yüksek
stres düzeyine bağlı olabilen yüksek maternal steroid düzeyleri, antenatal dönemde özellikle preterm
bebeklerde profilaktik olarak kullanılan eksojen steroidlerin yüksek dozlarda kullanımı veya
erken bebeklik, çocukluk döneminde yoğun strese mâruz kalma merkezî sinir sistemine oldukça
olumsuz etkilere neden olabilir. Uzun süren stres (örn. anne yoksunluğu) hippokampusta glükokotikoid
reseptör yapımını zayıflatır ve kortizolün negatif geribildirim (feedback) regülasyonunu
azaltır, böylece hipotalamusta kortikotropin-salıverici faktör (CRF) ve vazopressin mRNA seviyelerinin
artmasına ve ACTH ve kortikosteronun stres cevabının şiddetlenmesine yol açar. Erken dönemdeki
stres ve yüksek düzeyde steroidlere mâruz kalma memelileri daha korkak, tedirgin yapar ve
daha sonra yaşanan stres durumlarında daha fazla noradrenerjik, kortikostreroid ve vazopressin
cevabı verilmesine neden olur. Hippokampus, amigdala, serebellar vermis ve serebral korteks yüksek
düzey steroidlerin olumsuz etkilerine en hassas alanlar arasında yer alır. Bu bölgelerin erken
dönemde uzun süreli hasarı, yaşamın ileri yıllarında özellikle depresyon, dikkat ve öğrenme bozuklukları,
itki (impuls) kontrol sorunları ve madde kullanımı gelişimi açısından önemli bir risk oluşturur.
Günümüzde yapılmış olan çalışmalar, antenatal dönemde yüksek düzey steroide mâruz kalmanın eksojen yâhut endojen kaynaklı olmasının muhtemel farklı etkilerini ve uzun dönemdeki sonuçlarını henüz yeterince ortaya koymamıştır. Bu alanda özellikle uzun süreli takip çalışmalarına
ihtiyaç vardır.
Effects of Antenatal Steroids on Fetal Brain and Psychiatric Outcome
This article reviews the effects of antenatal exposure to high levels of endogenous or exogenous
steroids on fetal brain regions and the long-term outcome in terms of psychiatric morbidity. It is
known that glucocorticoids are essential for maturation in the developing central nervous system,
where they play a pivotal role in the remodeling of axons and dendrites, and in cell survival. However,
both human and animal studies show that either excess or the deficiency of these hormones
during brain development may affect corticosteroid receptor programming and cause structural
and functional changes. Several studies in fetal rats have shown that antenatal steroid exposure
causes persistent decreases in brain weight and volume. These changes in brain weight are accompanied
by a significant reduction in DNA content, suggesting that fewer cells are present in
the brains of exposed animals. High maternal steroid levels, exposure to high dosage of exogenous
steroid, particularly used for prophylaxis in preterm infants and traumatic experiences in very
early childhood may have harmful effects on developing brain. The nature and magnitude of the
effects of administered corticosteroids depend on the dose and regimen and on the species’ receptor
sensitivity and complement at the time of treatment. Hippocampal neurons are known to contain
the highest concentration of corticosteroid receptors, and several studies have documented
the vulnerability of this region to glucocorticoid induced damage. Besides, amygdala, cerebellar
vermis and cerebral cortex are also vulnerable to high levels of steroids. Early damage to these regions
may have persistent outcome later in lifetime, such as succeptibility to depression, attention
and learning disorders, impulse control disorders and substance abuse. The research studies had
not yet clarified the differential affects of early exposure to high levels of endogenous or exogenous
steroids and long-term outcome. Longitudinally designed follow-up studies are necessary to resolve
these issues.

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