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Yıl:2006; Cilt: 17; Sayı: 3>> Özet
TAM METİN
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2006;17(3):204-212
1999 Marmara Depremleri: Epidemiyolojik Bulgular ve Toplum Ruh Sağlığı Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Gözden Geçirme
AT Aker
Kocaeli Ü. Tıp Fak. Psikiyatri ABD
Afetler, toplum ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin önemli önceliklerindendir. 17 Ağustos ve 12 Kasım 1999 Marmara Depremleri, afetlerin yarattığı olumsuz ruhsal etkiler açısından uyarıcı olmuştur. 17 Ağustos’tan sonra Kocaeli ve komşu illerde önemli epidemiyolojik çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalarda çeşitli yöntemsel farklılıklar olmasına karşın, deprem sonrası gelişen ruhsal sorunların oldukça yaygın olduğu ve yıllar boyu sürebildiği gösterilmiştir. Gerek toplum tabanlı çalışmalarda gerekse yüksek riskli topluluklarla yapılan çalışmalarda Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) ve Majör Depresyon’a (MD) sık rastlanmaktadır. Marmara Depremi sonrası çeşitli zaman dilimlerinde, toplum tabanlı çalışmalarda TSSB oranları % 8-% 63, MD ise % 11-% 42 arasındadır. Sağlıkçılar, yardım ekipleri gibi yüksek risk altındaki topluluklarda bu oranlar TSSB için % 2.7-% 8.5, MD içinse % 1-% 4.5’tir. Epidemiyolojik verilerin gösterdiği en önemli sonuçlardan biri deprem gibi doğal afetlerden etkilenen bölgelerde yıllar boyu çalışma gerekliliğidir. Ayrıca gerek toplumun, gerekse çeşitli kurum ve meslek çalışanlarının eğitimden psikolojik desteğe kadar farklı ihtiyaçlarının olabileceği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmalar deprem sonrası oluşturulan veya planlanan ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin ve politikalarının geliştirilmesi konusunda yol gösterici olacaktır. Afet kuşağında bulunan ülkemiz için bu tür bilgi birikimi ve uygulamalar, gelecekte oluşabilecek olası afetlere daha iyi hazırlanabilmemizi sağlayacaktır. Bu yazıda, önce afetlerin ruh sağlığı üzerine olan etkilerine ilişkin kısa bir yazın bilgisi ile Marmara Depremleri’ne ilişkin bazı epidemiyolojik çalışmaların önemli bulguları sunulmakta ve ruh sağlığı politikalarının hazırlanmasında dikkat edilmesi gereken konular özetlenmektedir.

1999 Marmara Earthquakes: A Review of Epidemiologic Findings and Community Mental Health Policies
Disasters are one of the most important priorities of community mental health. The Marmara earthquakes of August 17 and November 12, 1999 powerfully demonstrated the negative impacts of disaster trauma. Despite some methodological differences, studies clearly indicate that mental health problems related to earthquakes in Turkey are very prevalent and long lasting. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Major Depression (MD) are the most prevalent disorders in studies that are population-based and those that target high-risk groups. In various population-based studies, the PTSD prevalence ranged between 8 % and 63 % and the prevalence of MD was between 11 % and 42 %. On the other hand, PTSD prevalence was 2.7 %-8.5 % and MD was 1 %- 4.5 % for at-risk populations, such as health professionals and rescue workers. These high rates show the importance and necessity of outreach studies. Additionally, the general population and some organizations and professionals have different requirements ranging from training to psychological support and treatment. These studies highlight the development of mental health services and policies. Turkey is situated in a disaster zone; thus, such knowledge and practices could help prepare the nation’s population and national policy for future disasters. In this review, first, mental health effects of disasters and some epidemiological findings of the Marmara earthquakes are discussed in light of the literature, and then mental health approaches and policies for disasters are briefly evaluated.

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