Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2004; Cilt: 5; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
Bağımlılık Dergisi; 2004;5(2):3-7
Alkol ve diğer madde bağımlılıklarında hastalar ve yakınlarında etiketleme
Z Arıkan, Y Genç, Ç Etik, S Aslan, İ Parlak
Gazi Üniv. Tıp Fak. Psikiyatri ABD, Ankara
Amaç: Madde ve alkol bağımlılığına ( birçok ülke de tütün hariç) ilişkin etiketlemeler çoğu kez; ahlaki açıdan düşük değerlilik, kişilik zayıflığı, kişilik bozukluğu, suç eğilimi gibi olumsuz yargılar şeklinde olmaktadır.Ülkemizde de alkol ve madde bağımlılıkları için benzer etiketlemeler yapılmakta ve edindiğimiz deneyimlere göre bu düşünceler kolay değişmemektedir. Tedavi sürecini yaşayan hasta ve hasta yakınlarının bu konudaki düşüncelerini öğrenmek için bu çalışmayı gerçekleştirdik.

Yöntem: Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Ana Bilim Dalı Alkol Bağımlılığı Ünitesinde DSM- IV tanı ölçütlerine göre alkol bağımlılığı tanısı konarak yatarak tedavi görmüş 100 hasta ve onların 18 yaş üstü 41 yakını çalışmaya alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada kullanılmak üzere hem alkol hem de diğer maddeler için 27 sorudan oluşan iki ayrı anket formu geliştirilmiştir. Bu anket formu hem demografik bilgileri içermekte hem de alkol ve madde kullanım bozukluğu hakkındaki düşünce ve yargılara yer vermektedir. Anket formundaki seçenekler klinikte yatan hastaların hastalıklarını değerlendirirken kullandıkları cümlelerden seçildi. Anket formu hem tek tek seçenekleri için hem de gruplandırılmış şekilde ( kişilik özelliğini içerenler, moral değerleri içerenler, bu durumu hastalık olarak alanlar) Ki kare testi ile değerlendirildi. Aynı değerlendirme hasta yakınları için de yapıldı. Sonuçlar tablolar halinde sunuldu.

Bulgular: Gerek hastalar gerekse hasta yakınları alkol ve mad-de kullanımını etiketlemede benzer oranlar göstermişlerdir. Yalnızca hasta yakınları bağımlılık konusunu kişilik sorunu olarak daha fazla ele almışlardır. Hastaların yatış sayılarının artması özellikle madde bağımlılığı konusundaki görüşlerini değiştirmiş, ahlak sorunu olarak etiketlemeleri azalmıştır. Hem hastalar hem de yakınlarında evli olanlarda bekar olanlara göre, alkol bağımlılığına yönelik hastalık anlayışı daha fazla gelişmiştir. Ayrıca hastalar ve yakınlarında eğitim düzeyi arttıkça etiketleme azalmaktadır.. Hastalardan şehirde yaşayanlar madde kullanımını daha çok ahlaki sorun olarak görmektedirler. Alkol bağımlıları ve yakınları madde bağımlılığını alkol bağımlılığına oranla daha fazla kişilik ve ahlak sorunu olarak değerlendirmişlerdir.

Sonuç: Çeşitli şekillerde tedaviye gelen hastalarda tedavi süresince bu yargılar kısmen değişmekte ama tamamen ortadan kalkmamaktadır.
Stigmatization of the Patients and Their Relatives in Alcohol and Other Substance Dependencies
Objective: Alcohol and substance dependence (except tobacco in many countries) frequently appears as moral devaluation, weakness of personality, personality disorder, and criminal liability. The stigmatization of alcohol and substance dependent persons is also observed in our country. According to our experiences the stigmatization can not be changed easily. We conduct this study to get some information about patients’ and their families’ difficulties in community.

Method: We examined 100 patients and their 41 relatives who are over 18. These patients are diagnosed with alcohol dependency according to DSM IV and treated in Gazi University Medical Faculty Psychiatry Clinic, Alcohol Dependency Department. We developed two different questionnaires which have 27 questions each. These questionnaires contained items about alcohol and substance dependency. In addition, some items are related to community attitudes and prejudices about alcohol and substance dependency. These questionnaires contained both demographic information and questions about prejudice for alcohol and substance dependency. Some items were selected from phrases used by patients during treatment to describe their illness. Each item is evaluated by using chi square tests. Items have been differentiated and grouped related with personality features, moral values and patient’s insight about the illness. This grouped items also evaluated as statistical outcomes separately. Same evaluations have been applied to patients’ families. Findings are shown in tables.


Results: Stigmatization rating of the patients are similar to stigmatization rating of the families. The relatives of the patients accept dependency as a personality problem more than the patients. Increased number of hospitalizations have changed patients’ view about substance dependency and reduced stigmatization as a moral problem. Both patients and families show differences on marital status; that married patients have more insight towards their illness than single patients. In addition, higher education level of the patients and their families is associated with reduced stigmatization. Patients living in the cities attribute a higher moral connotation to substance dependence. Alcoholics and their families consider substance dependency to be more related to personality problems and moral deficiency than alcoholism is. Therefore alcoholics may stigmatize substance abusers and discriminate as a different dependency group.

Conclusion: This result may be related to concepts learned during hospitalization. Patients admitted through different channels may change their biases but these do not disappear completely.

http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-orange-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-white-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-32cm-ostrich-vein-6108-black-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-dark-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-herbag-31cm-green-canvas-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-wallet-camel-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-silver-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-so-kelly-28cm-togo-leather-shoulder-bag-green-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-32cm-togo-leather-6108-electric-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbag-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bolide-31cm-togo-leather-pink-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-green-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-23cm-croco-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-elephant-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-dark-blue-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-electric-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-h-wallet-royal-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-electric-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-grey-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-elephant-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-camel-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-wallet-togo-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-herbag-31cm-burgundy-canvas-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-yellow-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-30cm-birkin-bag-togo-leather-with-strap-light-pink-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-rose-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-25cm-handbag-6068-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-large-36cm-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-red-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-in-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-picotin-lock-togo-leather-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-green-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-25cm-handbag-6068-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbag-yellow-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-orange-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-camel-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-gold-light-coffee.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-28cm-bag-togo-leather-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-large-36cm-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbag-burgundy-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-dark-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-light-coffee-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-so-kelly-28cm-togo-leather-shoulder-bag-hot-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-white.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-36cm-leather-handbag-black-hot-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-brown-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-wallet-togo-leather-rose.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bi-fold-wallet-h006-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-red-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-silver-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bolide-31cm-togo-leather-orange-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-h-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-crocodile-leather-handbag-grey-white-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-red-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-dark-khaki-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-36cm-canvas-handbag-yellow.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-8616-handbag-cherry-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-green-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-yellow-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-camel.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-23cm-togo-leather-orange-silver.html