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Yıl:2019; Cilt: 30; Sayı: 3>> Özet
TAM METİN
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2019;30(3):210-219
Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunda Bağırsak Mikrobiyotasının Rolü
BE Alan, F Gülerman
Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara
İnsan vücudunda farklı ekosistemlerde bulunan ve mikrobiyota olarak adlandırılan mikroorganizmaların birçok işlevi vardır. Sağlıklı bağırsak mikrobiyotası ile birbirlerine göre belli oranlarda bulunan mikroorganizmaların metabolik ve başka moleküler düzeyde bütüncül olarak sağlıklı işlev görebilmeleri kastedilir. Bağırsak mikrobiyotasının merkezi sinir sistemi ile nöroendokrin, nöroimmün ve otonom sinir sistemi aracılığıyla iki yönlü bir ilişki içinde olduğunun gösterilmesiyle nöropsikiyatrik bozukluklarda mikrobiyota-bağırsak-beyin ekseni araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Erken çocukluk döneminin nörogelişimsel bozukluklarından biri olan otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) da araştırılan bozukluklardan biridir. Çalışmaların çoğu kesitsel olup ağırlıklı olarak bakteriler araştırılmıştır. Bağırsak mikrobiyotasını oluşturan türlerin değişmesi, sızdıran (geçirgen) bağırsak gibi hipotezler OSB’nin temel belirtilerini ve gastrointestinal sistem (GİS) belirtilerini açıklamak için öne sürülmüştür. Probiyotik, prebiyotik, fekal mikrobiyota transplantasyonu, diyet gibi tedavi seçenekleri gündeme gelmektedir. Ancak mikrobiyotanın tanı koymada, izlemde ve tedavide alacağı rol henüz netleşmemiştir; sinir sistemi ile ilişkisinin iki yönlü olması da neden-sonuç ilişkisini kurmayı güçleştirmektedir. Mevcut verilerle GİS belirtileri olan OSB tanılı çocuklarda hastaya özel tedaviyi planlamada yarar sağlayabilir. Bu makalede hayvan modellerinde ve çocuklarda mikrobiyota ile yapılan çalışmaların bulgularına değinilecek; OSB ile bağırsak mikrobiyotası ilişkisinin klinik yansımaları tartışılacaktır.
The Role of Gut Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Human microbiota are colonies of microorganisms located in different parts of the human body with diverse functions. Healthy gut microbiota comprises differing ratios of microoganisms wholly contributing to metabolic and other molecular reactions in a healthy, functioning body. After the demonstration of the bidirectional interaction between the central nervous system and gut microbiota through neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and autonomic nervous mechanisms, investigations have been started on the microbiota-gut-brain axis in psychiatric disorders. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is a neurodevelopmental disorder of early childhood, is one of these disorders. Most of such studies were cross-sectional and mainly investigated the bacterial species. Changes in gut microbiota composition and the leaky gut syndrome are some of the hypotheses proposed to explain the core symptoms and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms of ASD. Probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, diet have been proposed as treatment options. However, the role of microbiota in diagnosis, followup, and treatment is not yet clear. The bidirectional interaction between central nervous system and intestinal microbiota makes it difficult to establish the cause-effect relationship. The current data on microbiota may be useful to plan patient-specific treatment in autistic children with GI symptoms. This article aims to review the results of the studies on microbiota in animal models and children and discuss the emerging clinical relationship of ASD and gut microbiota.

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