Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2005; Cilt: 16; Sayı: 4>> Özet
TAM METİN
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2005;16(4):268-275
Varsanıların Nörobiyolojisi
A Ertuğrul, M Rezaki
Hacettepe Ü. Tıp Fak Psikiyatri ABD, Ankara
Amaç: Var­sa­nı­lar şi­zof­re­ni­nin te­mel be­lir­ti­le­rin­den bi­ri­si ol­mak­la bir­lik­te, or­ta­ya çı­kış me­ka­niz­ma­la­rı he­nüz tam ola­rak ay­dın­la­tı­la­ma­mış­tır. Bu göz­den ge­çir­me­de şi­zof­re­ni­de işit­me var­sa­nı­la­rı­na iliş­kin ça­lış­ma­la­rın özet­len­me­si ve nö­ro­bi­yo­lo­ji­si­ne iliş­kin öne sü­rü­len gö­rüş­le­rin de­ğer­len­di­ril­me­si amaç­lan­mış­tır.

Yön­tem: Ça­lış­ma ge­ri­ye dö­nük ola­rak kay­nak ta­ra­ma­sı şek­lin­de ya­pıl­mış, son 10 yıl için­de ya­yım­lan­mış araş­tır­ma­lar göz­den ge­çi­ril­miş­tir. Bu amaç­la bu ko­nu­da ya­yım­lan­mış ça­lış­ma­lar, ‘var­sa­nı, şi­zof­re­ni, nö­ro­bi­yo­lo­ji’ anah­tar söz­cük­le­ri kul­la­nı­la­rak Pub­med ara­ma mo­to­ru ara­cı­lı­ğıy­la ta­ran­mış, ula­şı­la­bi­len araş­tır­ma­lar de­ğer­len­dir­me kap­sa­mı­na alın­mış­tır.

Bul­gu­lar: Var­sa­nı­lar be­yin­de il­gi­li du­yu­nun nor­mal al­gı­lan­ma­sı sı­ra­sın­da gö­rev alan öz­gül böl­ge­ler­de art­mış et­kin­li­ğe yol aç­mak­ta­dır. İşit­me var­sa­nı­la­rı­nın olu­şu­mun­da ko­nuş­ma­nın al­gı­lan­ma­sı ile il­gi­li bir bo­zuk­lu­ğun, mer­ke­zi bir rol oy­na­dı­ğı dü­şü­nül­mek­te­dir. Ana­to­mik açı­dan işit­me var­sa­nı­la­rı­nın olu­şu­mun­da pri­mer işit­me ve aso­si­yas­yon kor­teks­le­ri­nin, Bro­ka ve Wer­ni­ke alan­la­rı­nın, sub­kor­ti­kal böl­ge­le­rin, pa­ra­lim­bik kor­tek?, lim­bik ya­pı­lar, vent­ral stri­atum ve ta­la­mu­sun rol al­dı­ğı an­la­şıl­mak­ta­dır. Şi­zof­re­ni­de var­sa­nı­la­rın or­ta­ya çı­kı­şı­nın, me­zo­tem­po­ral yol­da­ki art­mış do­pa­mi­ner­jik et­kin­lik ne­de­niy­le vent­ral stri­atum­dan ta­la­mu­sa ve kor­tek­se olan bil­gi akı­şı­nın dü­zen­len­me­si­nin (mo­dü­las­yon) bo­zul­ma­sıy­la iliş­ki­li ol­du­ğu id­dia edil­mek­te­dir.

So­nuç: Şi­zof­re­ni­de var­sa­nı­la­rın nö­ro­bi­yo­lo­ji­si­ni açık­la­mak için öne sü­rü­len mo­del­le­rin ge­çer­li­ği­nin ye­ni ça­lış­ma­lar­la test edil­me­si ge­rek­mek­te­dir. Öz­nel zi­hin­sel fe­no­men­le­rin de­ğer­len­di­ril­me­si ve öl­çü­mün­de­ki güç­lük­ler var­sa­nı­lar­la il­gi­li si­nir­sel sü­reç­le­rin ça­lı­şıl­ma­sı ve an­la­şıl­ma­sı­nı zor­laş­tı­ran önem­li bir et­ken ola­rak kar­şı­mı­za çık­mak­ta­dır. İş­lev­sel gö­rün­tü­le­me, bi­liş­sel ve mo­le­kü­ler se­vi­ye­de­ki ça­lışma­lar bu has­ta­lık­la il­gi­li bil­gi­mi­zi ar­tır­ma­ya yar­dım­cı ola­cak­tır.

The Neurobiology of Hallucinations
Objective: Although hallucinations are among the cardinal features of schizophrenia, the mechanisms underlying these symptoms have not been fully understood yet. In this review our objective is to summarize the studies about the neurobiology of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and discuss their significance for understanding schizophrenia.

Method: This is a retrospective literature review and the relevant studies within the last 10 [year]s are included. For this purpose Pubmed search engine and ‘hallucination, schizophrenia, neurobiology’ key words are used.

Results: Hallucinations cause sensory modality specific activation in cerebral areas involved in normal sensation. A disturbance in perception of speech seems to have a central role in occurence of auditory hallucinations. Anatomically, auditory hallucinations appear to involve primary and association cortices, Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, subcortical, paralimbic, limbic regions, ventral striatum and thalamus. Furthermore they are suggested to be associated with the dysmodulation of the information flow from ventral striatum to thalamus and cortex caused by increased dopaminergic activity in mesolimbic pathway.

Conclusion: The validity of the models which are proposed to explain neurobiology of hallucinations in schizophrenia should be tested by new studies. The difficulties regarding the assessment and measurement of subjective mental phenomena are important impacts in studying and understanding the neural correlates of hallucinations. Functional neuroimaging, cognitive and molecular biological studies will hopefully enhance our knowledge about this disease.

http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-orange-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-white-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-32cm-ostrich-vein-6108-black-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-dark-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-herbag-31cm-green-canvas-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-wallet-camel-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-silver-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-so-kelly-28cm-togo-leather-shoulder-bag-green-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-32cm-togo-leather-6108-electric-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbag-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bolide-31cm-togo-leather-pink-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-green-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-23cm-croco-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-elephant-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-dark-blue-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-electric-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-h-wallet-royal-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-electric-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-grey-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-elephant-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-camel-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-wallet-togo-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-herbag-31cm-burgundy-canvas-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-yellow-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-30cm-birkin-bag-togo-leather-with-strap-light-pink-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-rose-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-25cm-handbag-6068-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-large-36cm-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-red-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-in-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-picotin-lock-togo-leather-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-green-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-25cm-handbag-6068-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbag-yellow-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-orange-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-camel-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-gold-light-coffee.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-28cm-bag-togo-leather-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-large-36cm-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbag-burgundy-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-dark-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-light-coffee-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-so-kelly-28cm-togo-leather-shoulder-bag-hot-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-white.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-36cm-leather-handbag-black-hot-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-brown-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-wallet-togo-leather-rose.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bi-fold-wallet-h006-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-red-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-silver-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bolide-31cm-togo-leather-orange-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-h-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-crocodile-leather-handbag-grey-white-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-red-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-dark-khaki-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-36cm-canvas-handbag-yellow.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-8616-handbag-cherry-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-green-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-yellow-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-camel.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-23cm-togo-leather-orange-silver.html