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Yıl:2002; Cilt: 12; Sayı: 3>> Özet
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Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni; 2002;12(3):109-114
Şizofreni tanısı almış hastalarda ve sağlıklı kişilerde sigaranın sürekli dikkate etkisi
N Dolu, Ç Özdemir, E Eşel, C Süer, H Kafadar, CG Kılıç, S Karakaş
Erciyes Üniversitesi Tıp Fak. Kayseri
Amaç: Weintraub ve Mesulam tarafından 1980'li yıllarda geliştirilmiş olan "İşaretleme Testi" sürekli dikkatin ölçülmesinde kullanılan bir testtir. Bu çalışmada, işaretleme testini uygulayarak, bilgi işlemede bozukluk ve odaklanamayan dikkat ile karakterize olan şizofreni tanısı almış hastalarda sürekli dikkatin ölçülmesi ve sigara içmenin dikkat ve performansa etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya 30 sağlıklı kişi (15 sigara içen, 15 sigara içmeyen) ile 30 şizofreni tanısı almış hasta (15 sigara içen, 15 sigara içmeyen) katılmıştır. Her iki gruba da düzenli harfler, düzenli şekiller, düzensiz harfler ve düzensiz şekiller bulunan 4 alt test verildi ve harflerin kullanıldığı testlerde hedef olan A harflerinin, şekillerin kullanıldığı testlerde ise belli bir hedef şeklin tekrarlarının işaretlenmesi istendi. Kronometreyle testleri tamamlama süresi belirlendi, 4 testin toplam işaretlenen hedef sayısı (İHS), atlanan hedef sayısı (AHS), yanlış işaretlenen hedef sayısı (YHS), testi tamamlama süresi (TTS) hesaplandı. Testler sigara içen kişilerde 24 saat sigarasız dönemden sonra ve yarım saat sigara içtikten sonra uygulandı. Sigara içmeyen kişilerde ise hemen test yapıldı. Bu kişilere test tekrarı ise yarım saat beklendikten sonra yapıldı.
Bulgular: Kontrol grubu ile şizofreni tanısı almış hasta grubu arasında İHS, AHS, YHS, TTS'nde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark gözlenirken (p<0.05), her iki grupta da sigara içiminin TTS'ne anlamlı etkisi olduğu bulunmuştur (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Sigaranın hem sağlıklı bireylerde hem de şizofreni tanısı almış hastalarda dikkati düzeltici etkiye sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. İşaretleme testi sağlıklı insanlarda olduğu kadar şizofreni tanısı almış hastalarda da dikkati değerlendirmede kullanılabilecek değerli bir test olabilir.
The effect of smoking on continous attention in patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers
Objective: "Cancellation Test" developed by Weintraub and Mesulam in the 1980's is a test used to measure continuous attention. The current study using the cancellation test aims to measure continuous attention in schizophrenic patients, characterized by disorder in data-processing and failure in focusing attention, and to investigate the effect of smoking on attention and performance.
Method: The study group consisted of 30 healthy individuals and 30 schizophrenics (15 smokers and 15 non-smokers). The subjects were given 4 subtest which included characters and figures of regular and irregular shapes, and they were requested to mark the repetition of the letter A, which was the target in tests where characters were used, and of a given targeted shape in test where irregular figures were used. The length of time for the subject to complete the test (LTCT) was determined using a chronometer, and the total number of the targets marked (TNTM), the total number of the missed targets (TNMT), the total number of the incorrectly marked targets (TNIMT), the time to complete the test were calculated. The smokers received the test at the end of an half-an-hour period of smoking preceded by a 24-hour period of no smoking. The non-smoker on the other hand received the test and after half an hour repeated it.
Results: There were significant differences for TNTM, TNMT, TNIMT and LTCT between the control and schizophrenic group (p<0.05) and meaningful effect was observed for smoking on LTCT, in both groups(p<0.05).
Conclusion: It was observed that smoking might have an improving effect on attention in both schizophrenics and healthy subjects. In addition, cancellation test may be used to evaluate the attention in schizophrenic patients as in normal individuals.

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