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Yıl:2017; Cilt: 7; Sayı: 4>> Özet
TAM METİN
Journal of Mood Disorders; 2017;7(4):199-204
Çocuk psikiyatri polikliniğine başvuran zihinsel engelli hastaların başvuru şikayetleri ve komorbid tanıları
A Arıcı , H Altun , FH Sevgen
Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Kahramanmaraş
Amaç: Çalışmamızda çocuk ve ergen psikiyatrisi polikliniğine başvuran zihinsel engelli (ZE) hastaların sosyodemografik özellikleri, başvuru şikayetleri, komorbid tanıları ve kullanılan medikal tedavilerin etkinliği ve yan etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi polikliniğine 1 Ocak 2016 ile -1 Ocak 2017 tarihleri arasında başvuran 0–17 yaş arası 112 hastanın dosya verileri geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Yaş, cinsiyet, zeka seviyesi, başvuru şikayetleri, eşlik eden fiziksel ve psikiyatrik hastalıkları, kullanılan ilaçlar ve yan etkileri, özel eğitim durumları değerlendirildi. Dosya verileri tam olmayan hastalar çalışmaya alınmadı. Bulgular: 112 hastanın 76 (%67.9)’sı kız 36 (%32.1)’i erkekti. Hastaların çoğunluğu 6-11 yaş (74, %66.1) arasındaydı. Kızların yaş ortalaması 9.47±2.92 yıl, erkeklerin ise 9.42±3.32 idi. Hastaların başvuru şikayetleri azalan sıklığa göre; hareketlilik %47.3, sinirlilik-hırçınlık %42, okul başarısızlığı %36.6, etrafa zarar verme %29.5, kendine zarar verme davranışı %27.7, dikkat dağınıklığı %25, etrafa karşı ilgisizlik %13.4, konuşma gecikmesi %11.6, unutkanlık %11.6, mastürbasyon yapma-pipiyle oynama %6.3, altını ıslatma, iç sıkıntısı, neşe kaybı, kaygılı olma, tekrarlayan sorular sorma, kalabalıkta konuşamama gibi diğer şikayetler %17 idi. 0-5 yaş arası başvuru şikayeti en sık konuşma geriliği ve hareketlilik, 6-11 yaş arası hareketlilik, okul başarısızlığı, kendine zarar verme, etrafına zarar verme, 12-18 yaş arası ise etrafa zarar verme, okul başarısızlığı, kendine zarar verme ve dikkat dağınıklığı idi. Hastaların %56.3’ünde hafif düzeyde ZE, %32.1’inde orta düzeyde ZE, %7.1’inde ağır düzeyde ZE, %7.1 inde ise genel gelişimsel gecikme tanıları mevcuttu. En sık görülen psikiyatrik komorbid hastalıklar %23.2 davranım bozukluğu (DB), %20.5 dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) idi. 0-5 yaş ve 6-11 yaş arası arası en sık eşlik eden psikiyatrik komorbid hastalık DEHB, 12-18 yaş arası DB di. Hastaların %41.1’inde fiziksel komorbid hastalık mevcuttu ve en sık eşlik eden hastalık epilepsiydi. Hastaların %9.8’i herhangi bir psikotrop ilaç kullanmamaktaydı. En sık kullanılan psikiyatrik ilaçlar risperidon (%46.4) ve kısa etkili metilfenidat (%33.9) idi. Hastaların ise %88.4’ünün medikal tedaviden fayda gördüğü, kızların erkeklere göre medikal tedaviye daha çok cevap verdiği belirlendi. Çoklu ilaç kullanım oranı %79.9 du. Hastaların %14.3’ünde psikotrop ilaçların yan etki yaptığı, en sık görülen yan etkilerin sedasyon, çarpıntı ve iştahsızlık olduğu saptandı. Olguların %70.5’i özel eğitim almaktaydı. Sonuç: Çalışmamızda en sık hafif düzeyde ZE saptanması, psikiyatrik komorbid tanısının DB ve DEHB, fiziksel komorbid tanısının ise epilepsi olması literatürle uyumludur. Bizim literatür taramamıza göre ülkemizde ZE ile ilgili yeterli sayıda çalışma bulunmamaktadır. ZE çocukların demografik özelliklerinin, başvuru şikayetlerinin, psikiyatrik eş tanılarının ve kullanılan psikotrop ilaçların belirlenmesi özellikle ülkemizdeki bu alandaki çocuk psikiyatrisi alanındaki bilgilerimize katkı sağlayacağını düşünmekteyiz.
Presenting complaints and comorbid diagnoses in children with mental disabilities presented to a child psychiatry outpatient clinic
Objective: In this study, WE aimed to determine sociodemographic characteristics, presenting complaints and comorbid diagnoses as well as effectiveness and adverse effects of medical treatments employed in patients presented to our Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic with mental disability. Material and method: We reviewed medical records of 112 patients aged 0–17 years who presented to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry outpatient clinic of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Medicine School between January 1st, 2016 and January 1st, 2017. Age, gender, IQ, presenting complaints, comorbid physical and psychiatric disorders, medications and adverse effects, and status of special education were assessed in all patients. Patients with incomplete data were excluded. Results: There were 112 patients including 76 girls (67.9% and 36 boys (32.1%). Most patients (74, 66.1%) were in age group of 6–11 years. Mean age was 9.47±2.92 years in girls while 9.42±3.32 years in boys. Most common presenting complaint was hyperactivity (47.3%); followed by irritability (42.0%), academic failure (36.6%); harming to surroundings (29.5%), self-harming behavior (27.7%); inattention (25.0%; apathy to surroundings (13.4%), delayed speech (11.6%), forgetfulness (11.6), masturbating-playing with genitalia (6.3%), and other complaints (17.0%) including enuresis, anxiety, loss of joy, being anxious, repetitive questions, and not willing to speak in crowd. The most common presenting complaints were speech retardation and excessive mobility in the age group of 0–5 years while hyperactivity, academic failure, self-harming behavior and harming to surroundings in the age group of 6-12 years and harming to surroundings, academic failure, self-harming behavior and inattention in the age group of 12–18 years. Mental retardation was mild in 56.3%, moderate in 32.1% and severe in 7.1% of patients; in addition, overall developmental delay was present in 7.1%. The most commonly encountered psychiatric comorbid diagnosis was conduct disorder (23.2%) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (20.5%). The most common psychiatric comorbidity was ADHD in the age groups of 0–5 years and 6–11 years while conduct disorder in the age group of 12–18 years. There was physical comorbidity in 41.4% of patients as epilepsy being most common disorder. Of the patients, 9.8% were not using any psychotropic agents. Most commonly used agents were risperidone (46.4%) and short-acting methylphenidate (33.9%). It was seen that 88.4% of patients benefited from medical therapy and that girls responded to medical therapy better than boys. The rate of multi-drug use was 79.9%. It was seen that psychotropic agents were associated to adverse effects in 14.3% of patients as sedation, palpitation, and loss of appetite being most common adverse effects. Of the patients, 70.5% were attending to special education program. Conclusions: Given the findings that most frequent mental disability was mild mental retardation, that most frequent psychiatric comorbid diagnoses were conduct disorder and ADHD and that most comorbid physical comorbid diagnosis was epilepsy, our results were consistent with the literature. To our knowledge, there is paucity in studies about mental disability in Turkey. We think that establishing demographic characteristics, presenting complaints, psychiatric comorbid diagnoses and psychotropic agents in children with mental disability will contribute to our knowledge in this field in child psychiatry.

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