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Yıl:2018; Cilt: 10; Sayı: 1>> Özet
TAM METİN
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar; 2018;10(1):59-70
İkincil Travmatik Stres
A Kahil, NR Palabıyıkoğlu
Ufuk Üniversitesi, Ankara
Bireyin hayatında travmatik bir yaşantının söz konusu olması, yalnızca yaşantıya doğrudan maruz kalan bireyi değil, bireyin ilişkide bulunduğu kişileri de etkileyebilmektedir. Travmaya birincil maruziyet ile ikincil maruziyet karşısında verilen tepkilerin birbiriyle oldukça benzeştiği öne sürülmektedir. Birincil maruziyette algılanan tehdit özneye yönelik iken, ikincil maruziyette tehdit etkileşimde bulunulan bir kişinin travmatik yaşantısı ile ilişkilidir. Travmaya ikincil olarak maruz kalmış birey de travmatik olayın odak noktası olan kişinin deneyimlediği gibi, yeniden yaşama, kaçınma, artmış uyarılma belirtileri gösterebilir ve günlük hayatını sürdürmekte zorluk yaşayabilir. Kısacası, örseleyici olay dolaylı yoldan maruz kalan birey üzerinde de en az birincil maruziyeti yaşamış kişi kadar etki bırakabilir. Bununla birlikte, meslek elemanlarının birtakım önlemler alarak ikincil travmatik stresin olumsuz etkilerinden korunmaları mümkündür. Bu yazıda, travmatik yaşantıları olan bireylere, travma anında veya sonrasında müdahalede bulunan meslek elemanları- nın yaptıkları yardım davranışı sonucunda deneyimledikleri ikincil travmatik stres ve ikincil travmatik stres bozukluğu konu edilmiştir. Bu amaç kapsamında, konu ile ilişkili kuramsal çerçeve ve ilgili araştırmaların bulguları sunulmuş ve ikincil travmatik stresin olumsuz etkilerinden korunmaya yönelik bilgilere yer verilerek, söz konusu meslek elemanlarını etkileyebilecek nitelikte olan ikincil travmatizasyonun önemini vurgulamak amaçlanmıştır.
Secondary Traumatic Stress
Traumatic events do not only affect the person who was directly exposed to the incident, but they might also lead to some reactions on people with whom they interact. It is argued that, reactions given to a traumatic event by being exposed to the incident either primarily or secondarily, resemble each other. While in primary exposure the perceived threat is subjective, in secondary exposure the threat belongs to the person one interacts with. Secondary exposition to trauma may lead to reexperiencing, avoidance, and increased arousal symptoms as well as impairment in daily functioning. Briefly, secondary exposition to a traumatic incident induces parallel reactions as in those who are primarily exposed. In addition to these, taking specific precautions help decreasing the negative effects of secondary traumatic stress. This review focuses on the secondary traumatic stress and secondary traumatic stress disorder of workers who offer service in relief operations. For this aim, related theoretical concepts along with the literature studies are presented and information regarding ways of coping with the negative effects of secondary traumatization is discussed.

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