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Yıl:2017; Cilt: 28; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2017;28(2):135-138
Frontal Lob Sendromunda Yönetici İşlevler: Bir Olgu Sunumu
Ö Metin, AE Tufan, NC Binici, Ö Saraçlı, A Atalay, AY Tahiroğlu
Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana
Frontal lobda (FL) yer alan prefrontal korteks yönetici işlevlerin (Yİ) merkezidir. FL hasarı frontal-subkortikal döngüleri (dorsolaterel, orbitofrontal, ventromedial) etkileyerek Yİ’de problemlere yol açmaktadır. Dorsolateral prefrontal korteks (DLPFK) hasarı Yİ’de bozulmaya, orbitofrontal korteks (OFK) hasarı disinhibisyon ve irritabilite ile karakterize kişilik değişikliklerine yol açabilmektedir. Ayrıca, anterior singulat kortreks (ASK)/medial prefrontal korteks (MPFK) hasarı ise kendili- ğindenlikte azalmayla sonuçlanabilmektedir. Nöropsikolojik testler, hedefe yönelik davranışlarda bulunma, karar verme, risk değerlendirme, gelecek için plan yapma, eylemlerimizin önceliklerini ve sırasını belirlemeyi içeren Yİ’lerin değerlendirilmesinin önemli bir parçasıdır. FL’nin dışında frontal-subkortikal bağlantıların etkilendiği klinik durumlar da yönetici işlevlerde bozulmaya ve frontal lob sendromuna (FLS) yol açabilmektedir. Bu olgu sunumu FLS olarak değerlendirilen bir ergen hasta hakkındadır. Olgunun klinik semptomları, değerlendirme ve tedavi süreci bu olgu sunumunda tartışılmıştır. 15 yaşındaki erkek olgu kliniğimize üç yıl önce geçirilen trafik kazası sonrası başlayan davranış problemleriyle başvurmuştu. Beyin manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG)’si periventriküler derin beyaz cevherde travmatik beyin hasarıyla ilişkilendirilen hiperintens sinyal artışına işaret etmişti. Nöropsikolojik test sonuçları (Stroop Testi, Wisconsin Kart Eşleme Testi, Sayı Dizileri Öğrenme Testi, Çizgi Yönünü Belirleme Testi, Sözel Bellek Süreçleri Testi); bilişsel esneklik, sözel akıcılık, öncelik belirleme, uygunsuz yanıt inhibisyonu, sürekli dikkat, planlama, problem çözme, organizasyon becerileri ve subkortikal bellek işlevlerinde bozulmayı göstermişti. Olgunun bilişsel ve davranışsal semptomlarının, açık bir frontal lezyondan bağımsız olarak, frontal-subkortikal döngülerin işlevlerindeki bozulma ile ilişkili olduğu düşünülmüştür. Kafa travması sonrası ani başlangıçlı davranışsal ve bilişsel problemleri olan hastalarda açık bir frontal lezyon yokluğunda dahi ayırıcı tanıda FLS göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır.
Executive Functions in Frontal Lob Syndrome: A Case Report
Prefrontal cortex in frontal lobe (FL) is the center of executive functions (EF). FL damage can lead to executive dysfunction by influencing frontal-subcortical circuits (dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, ventromedial). Damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can lead to deterioration in EF, whereas damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) can lead to personality changes with the characteristic of disinhibition and irritability. In addition, damage to the anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex (ACC/MPFC) can result in decreased spontaneity. Neuropsychological tests are important components in the assessment of EF including goal-directed behavior, decision-making, risk assessment, making plans for the future, setting of priorities and order of our actions. Clinical conditions affecting frontal-subcortical connections outside of the FL can also lead to executive dysfunctions and frontal lobe syndrome (FLS). This case report is about an adolescent patient diagnosed as FLS. The clinical symptoms, assessment and treatment processes of this case are discussed in this report. The case is a 15-year-old boy that was admitted to our clinic with behavioral problems, which began after a car accident three years ago. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain indicated hyperintense signal increase in periventricular deep white matter that is associated with traumatic brain damage. Neuropsychological tests results (Stroop, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Serial Digit Learning Test, Line Orientation Test, Verbal Memory Processes Scale) have demonstrated impairment in cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, setting priority, inappropriate response inhibition, sustained attention, planning, problem solving, organization skills and subcortical memory functions. We thought that cognitive and behavioral symptoms of this case were associated with the dysfunctions of frontal-subcortical circuits, independent of an obvious frontal lesion. FLS for the patients with sudden-onset behavioral and cognitive problems after head traumas should be kept in mind in differential diagnosis, even in the absence of an obvious frontal lesion.

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