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Yıl:2016; Cilt: 19; Sayı: 38>> Özet
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Türk Psikoloji Yazıları; 2016;19(38):54-76
Anne Duyarlığı ve Erken Dönem Bağlanma-Temelli Ebeveynlik Destek ve Müdahale Programları
İM Orta, N Sümer
Atılım Üniversitesi, Ankara
Psikolojik gelişim bakımından yaşamın ilk yılları en kritik dönemdir. Bu yıllarda ilgi ve bakım veren kişinin duyarlığı, çocuğun ihtiyaçlarına uygun ve zamanında karşılık verebilmesi, güvenli bağlanmanın gelişimi ve optimal duygu düzenleme becerisinin kazanılması için önemlidir. Bu nedenle, Batı ülkelerinde anne duyarlığını arttırmayı amaçlayan çeşitli erken dönem destek ve müdahale programları geliştirilmiştir. Bu programlar sadece çocukların sosyal ve duygusal gelişimlerini değil, toplumun ve ülkenin refahını da dolaylı olarak etkileyen, özkaynakları ve sosyal kapitalini güçlendiren temel araçlardır. Bu yazıda esas olarak bağlanma-temelli ebeveynlik destek ve müdahale programlarının önemine ve etkisine değinilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, hangi tür programların anne duyarlığı ve çocukların optimum gelişimi üzerinde daha etkili olduğu ve bu etkinin farklı örneklemlere genellenebilirliği tartışılmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, çocukların sosyal ve duygusal gelişimlerinde önemli role sahip olan ilgi-bakım davranışlarına ve bunları etkileyen faktörlere değinilmektedir. Bu derlemenin bir amacı da hem uygulanan mevcut programların hem de ileride geliştirilecek programların daha etkili olabilmesi için gerekli özellikleri belirleyerek araştırmacılara ve uygulayıcılara yararlı bir kaynak sağlamaktır. Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sınırlı sayıdaki uygulanan programların etkinliğini artırmak ve yeni programları planlamak bakımından bu derleme önemli bir adım oluşturacaktır.
Maternal Sensitivity and Attachment-Based Parenting Support and Intervention Programs
Early years of life is the most critical period for psychological development. The sensitivity of the caregiver in the early years, which refers to the ability of responding appropriately and promptly to child’s needs, is important for the development of secure attachment and optimal emotion regulation skills. Thus, a number of intervention and early support programs were developed to enhance caregiver sensitivity and children’s secure attachment in Western countries. These programs are not only basic means that influence children’s social and emotional development but also enhance well-being, resources and social capital of the society and the country. This paper mainly explains the importance and effectiveness of attachment-based parenting support and intervention programs. In this context, it discusses which programs are more effective on maternal sensitivity and optimal child development, and generalizability of their effectiveness on different samples. Furthermore, it explains caregiving behaviors that play important role on children’s socioemotional development and the factors that influence it. Another purpose of this review is to provide a valuable resource for practitioners through identifying the factors that are necessary for the effectiveness of existing and future intervention programs. This review constitutes an important step in terms of promoting the efficacy of limited interventions in developing countries including Turkey and planning new programs.

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