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Yıl:1998; Cilt: 9; Sayı: 3>> Özet
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 1998;9(3):213-223
Psikiyatri ve Kaos: Doğrusal ve Dengesel Olmayan Dinamik Sistemlerin Psikiyatride Kullanımı
K SAYAR, B ÇOTUK
Kaos doğrusal olmayan dinamiğin önemli ilkeleriden biridir. Kaos kuramıyla birlikte bazı doğal sistemlerin yapı ve işlevleri daha iyi açıklanmaktadır. Kaos aynı zamanda hem düzeni hem de belirsizliği içerdiği için karmaşık ve dinamik sistemlerini incelenmesinde elverişli bir yöntem olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bilimde bir metaparadigma olarak değerlendirilen kaosun; psikoloji, psikiyatri ve psikoterapi alanlarında da bir açıklama modeli ya da metafor olarak kullanılabileceği öne sürülmektedir. Kaotik sistemlerin; başlangıç durumuna duyarlı bağlılık, önden kestirilemezlik, kendiliğindenlik, kendini yapılandırabilme ve küçük girdilerin kendileriyle doğru orantılı olmayan büyük çıktılara yol açabilmesi gibi özellikleriyle psikoterapi sürecini açıklayan bir metafor olabileceği tartışılmaktadır. Ayrıca şizofreni ya da iki uçlu duygulanım bozukluğu gibi hastalıkların gidişi, doğrusal olmayan dinamiğin yöntemleriyle incelendiğinde, bulguların kaotik bir biçimde geliştiği ancak bu kaosun içinde de bir düzen olduğu görülmektedir. Bu yaklaşım gerek etiyoloji formülasyonunda gerekse tedavide yeni bir anlayış getirmektedir. Kaos kuramının psikiyatrinin çeşitli alanlarından sağlanan bilgileri birleştirebilecek yeni ve bütüncül bir dil sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bununla birlikte kaosun, matematik bilimiyle doğrudan ilgili olmayan alanlarda bir metafor olarak kullanılmasına çeşitli eleştiriler de yapılmaktadır. Bu yazıda kaos kuramının ve onunla birlikte gelişen sinerjetik görüşünün ruh sağlığı alanına yaptığı katkılar tartışılmaktadır.

Psychiatry and Chaos: The use of non-linear and non-equilibrium systems in psychiatry
Chaos is an important principle in non-linear dynamical systems. The structure and function of some natural systems can be better explained by chaos theory. Existence of chaos implies that many seemingly random processes could be more predictable than previously thought, however it also implies that there are limits to predictability. Chaos entails order and uncertainty at the same time, thus it may be a convenient concept in the analysis of complex and dynamical systems. Chaos, defined as a metaparadigm in science is proposed as an explanatory model and a metaphor in psychology, psychiatry and psychotherapy. Chaotic systems are supposed to be a metaphor of psychotherapy process with their sensitive dependency on the initial conditions, unpredictability, spontaneity and self-organizing properties as well as small inputs producting unproportionally large changes in output. Nonlinear dynamical systems are thought to be well suited for explaining the spontaneous, unpredictable and creative nature of human beings. When the course of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is analyzed with nonlinear time series analysis techniques, we see that symptoms evolve in a chaotic fashion but there is order out of chaos. This approach brings a new understanding to etiological formulation and treatment. Chaos theory is expected to provide a new, broader and aholistic meta [language] which will bring knowledge derived from different areas of psychiatry together. Mean while there are criticisms to using chaos as a metaphor in areas which are not directly related to mathematics. In this article recent contributions of chaos theory and the new paradigm of synergetics to the field of mental health are reviewed

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