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Yıl:2016; Cilt: 8; Sayı: 4>> Özet
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Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar; 2016;8(4):394-405
Glutamat Sistemi ve Şizofreni
O Özdemir, PG Özdemir
Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Van
Glutamat santral sinir sisteminin ana uyarıcı nörotransmitteridir. Glutamat öğrenme, bellek ve algı gibi birçok bilişsel fonksiyonlarda görev alır. Glutamat beyin gelişiminde, nöronal göçte, nöronal farklılaşmada, akson oluşumunda ve nöronal yaşamında önemli görev almaktadır. Glutamat birçok nörodejeneratif hastalıkta görülen eksitotoksisite ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Şizofreni patogenezinde glutamat disfonksiyonun katkısı olduğunu düşündüren birçok kanıt bulunmaktadır. Fensiklidin ve ketamin gibi NMDA reseptör antagonistleri sağlıklı gönüllülerde hem pozitif hem de negatifbelirtilere neden olabilmektedir. Ayrıca bu moleküller şizofreni hastalarında belirtileri arttırmaktadır. Bu nedenle şizofreninin N-metil-D-aspartat (NMDA) reseptör hipofonksiyonu ile ilişkili olduğu öne sürülmüştür. Bu hipoteze göre NMDA reseptör hipofonksiyonu glutamat nöronları üzerindeki inhibisyonun azalmasına ve aşırı glutamat salınımına yol açmaktadır. Sonuçta, şizofreni hastalarında birçok beyin bölgesinde görülen hacim azalmasının NMDA reseptör aracılı glutamat nörotoksisitesi ile ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir
Glutamatergic System and Schizophrenia
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. It has a role several cognitive functions including learning, memory and perception. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is also involved in regulating neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, and the pruning neurons. Glutamatergic excitotoxicity has been implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that glutamatergic dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine and ketamine can cause both the positive and negative symptoms psychotic symptoms in normal humans, and worsen these symptoms in persons with schizophrenia. Hence, it has been hypotesized that schizophrenia may be associated with decreased NMDA-receptor activity. According to the hypothesis, NMDA reseptor hypofunction can lead to decreased inhibition of glutamatergic neurons and excessive glutamate release. Finally, the reduction of gray matter in several brain regions seen in patients with schizophrenia has been suggested to be the result of neurotoxicity mediated by NMDA receptors

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