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Yıl:1997; Cilt: 5; Sayı: Ek 2>> Özet
Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji (3P) Dergisi; 1997;5(Ek 2):35-39
Psikiyatrideki paradigma değişikliği ve "kurtarıcılık" kavramı: Betimsel yaklaşım psikiyatrist kimliğini nasıl etkiliyor?
C Atbaşoğlu
Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara
“Kurtarıcılık” kavramı irdelenirken üstünde en çok söz söylenebilecek disiplinlerden biri kuşkusuz psikiyatridir. Bütün tıp dalları insanı acıdan, hastalıktan kurtarmaya soyunmuştur gerçi; bundan ötürü tıp, bir bütün olarak, kurtarıcılık kavramıyla ilişkisini hep sorgulamak zorunda kalmıştır, kalmaktadır. Ancak psikiyatrinin bu kavramla ilişkisi, diğer dallarınkinden daha sorunludur; bunun başlıca nedenleri de, psikiyatrideki hastalık-sağlık ayrımının daha çapraşık olması ve psikiyatrik tanı ve tedavi kavramlarının, birbirinden çok farklı ortamlarda, bağlamlarda yürütülen birçok farklı girişimi, hizmeti kapsıyor olması, yani tanı konan ve tedavi edilenin, içinde bulunulan kültüre, çağa, hizmetin verildiği toplumsal koşullara bağlı olarak değişebilmesidir. Son 30 yılda psikiyatride egemen paradigma değişmiş, uslamlamaya, sezgiye dayalı yöntemin yerini görgül gözlem ve varsayımsal-indirgeyici yöntem almıştır. Ancak, böyle olması, psikiyatrinin kurtarıcılık iddiasının iriliğini değil, olsa olsa niteliğini değiştirmiş, bu sorunu ortadan kaldırmamıştır. Bu yazıda, bu görüşü temellendirmeye çalışacağım; bunu yaparken de, psikiyatrinin kullandığı hastalık sınıflandırmalarının tarihini ve bunlara yöneltilen eleştirileri bir çıkış noktası olarak kullanacağım. Çünkü psikiyatrik sınıflandırmaların tarihinin ve benimsenen paradigmadaki değişkenliğin, bu görevin niteliğindeki, hedefindeki değişiklikleri yorumlamada yol gösterici olacağını düşünüyorum: Sınıflandırma dizgelerinde yapılan değişiklikler, psikiyatrinin benimsediği paradigmadaki değişikliklerin iyi bir göstergesidir. Günümüzün psikiyatristi, psikiyatride geçerli olan kuramların etkisiyle, kendisini herhangi bir hekimden farksız görme eğilimindedir. Ancak bu, kurtarıcılıkla ilişkisinin bütün hekimlik mesleğinde doğal karşılanabilecek bir tümgücüllükten ibaret olduğunu göstermez. Bu konunun etik bir sorun oluşturmasının başlıca nedeni ise, kullanılan anlama biçiminin indirgeyiciliği ve başka bağlamlarda ele alınabilecek sorunların tıbbileştirilmiş olmasıdır. Ülkemizde kültürün etkisiyle hekim-hasta ilişkisinde hekime atfedilen yetkenin daha da büyük olması, psikiyatristin kurtarıcı rolüne ilişkin etik sorunu belirginleştirmektedir. Psikiyatristlerin benimsemiş göründükleri sıradan hekim kimliği, aslında psikolojik ve sosyal girişimlerin de en az tıbbi yöntemler kadar sık -üstelik hekimlere özgü bir tümgücüllük ile kullanıldığı bir uygulama tarzını içinde barındırmaktadır.
Paradigm change in psychiatry and the concept of omnipotence
Although it is a fact that medicine as a whole attempts to heal the pain and treat any illness of the human being in an omnipotent manner, psychiatry is obviously a discipline deserving special interest in the context of this concept. The assertion of curing any illness and pain has ever forced medicine to face and question its own omnipotence but this concept raises a greater ethical issue when psychiatry is the subject. This is mainly because the border between health and illness is more obscure in psychiatry so that psychiatric diagnosis and treatment cover a large variety of interventions depending on the culture, time period and the social context in which the service is delivered. For psychiatry, in other words, the question of “who is being cured from what” is more complicated to answer, when compared to other medical disciplines. The dominant paradigm of rationalism and the method o f analytic thinking placing great emphasis on reasoning and intution has been replaced by the empiricist-positivist approach and the hypotheticodeductive method of research in psychiatry in the last 30 years. This, however, has provided no exemption for psychiatry from the ethical problem of omnipotence. The extravagance o f the assertion to provide mental well-being is stili there, although probably the nature of the problem is slightly different. This article aims to provide support for this thesis by reviewing the history of and the criticisms directed to the current systems of disease classification and specifically to DSM. Changes in the disease classification reflect the change in the dominant paradigm and since an interplay of social, economic and historical factors have had a bigger impact on the selection of the paradigm than scientific developments have, a review of the process leading to the publication of DSM-III in 1980 is necessary. From the end of World War II until the mid- 1970s, apsychosocial model based on psychoanalysis and sociological thinking was dominant in American psychiatry. This model emphasized the psychodynamic and/or social factors behind the symptoms and therefore failed to clarify the border between health and illness. Such a demarcation, however was a requisite for the discipline to maintain its position in the field of medicine and the lack of that was a threat to the legitimacy ofpsychiatry. The publication of DSM-III in 1980 was an answer to this crisis, because the essential focus of psychiatric knowledge shifted from the clinically-based psychosocial model to a research- based medical model. DSM has been criticized by many authors in the light of philosophy. This article summarizes and agrees with the following criticisms: (i) The committee preparing DSM-III, -III-R, and -IV failed to see that many of the goals that the system tried to reach were contradictory to each other. (ii) DSM- III, -III-R and -IV are not free from value commitments: Biological paradigm replaced the psychodynamic and psychosocial models not because psychoanalysis was proven to be incorrect, but this was what the discipline had preferred. (iii) The assertion by the committee that DSM-III, -III-R, and-IV are a theoritical is epistemologically incorrect, because the selection of the hypotheses that are tested is influenced by the dominant paradigm of the day, which is obviously theoritical. DSM has been prepared to meet the needs of American psychiatrists, but it has been used widely in our country, too. This indicates that Turkish psychiatrists approve the positivist-empiricist approach and employ the descriptive model implied by this system. Like their colleagues in the U.S.A., psychiatrists in our country, give the impression that their identity as physicians is no different from their colleagues in the other branches o f medicine, but this is an illusion as well as an ethical problem, because the nature of the psychiatric conditions that they treat does not allow them to employ a purely medical model . They pragmatically accept the role of medical authority attributed to them, but they go far beyond the limits of medicine and positivism in treating their patients in the shortest possible period of time. Today ’s descriptive approach to psychiatric conditions implied by the current classification systems strengthens this illusion by medicalizing psychosocial problems.

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